{"id":33051,"date":"2015-07-14T10:56:00","date_gmt":"2015-07-14T10:56:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-11-10T10:46:29","modified_gmt":"2020-11-10T10:46:29","slug":"8051-us-brazil-climate-pledge-unacceptable-and-unambitious-say-experts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/8051-us-brazil-climate-pledge-unacceptable-and-unambitious-say-experts\/","title":{"rendered":"US-Brazil climate pledge \u201cunacceptable\u201d and \u201cunambitious\u201d, say experts"},"content":{"rendered":"

The much-anticipated joint declaration on climate change by Brazil and the US has prompted conflicting reactions from academics and environmentalists. During an official visit to Washington on Tuesday,\u00a0presidents Dilma Rousseff and Barack Obama<\/a>\u00a0announced targets for the next round of climate negotiations, or\u00a0COP21<\/a>, in Paris in November.<\/p>\n

According to Obama, the most important of these objectives was to increase the share of renewables to\u00a0between 28% and 33% of total energy generation<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 not including hydropower. Meeting such an increase requires more wind, solar and biomass.<\/p>\n

\u201cI see it as positive,\u201d said Guy Edwards, co-director of the\u00a0Climate and Development Lab at Brown University<\/a>\u00a0in the US. \u201cSpeaking about such an increase while excluding hydroelectricity is very important as it\u2019s not as clean as people think. You have to remember that a lot of vegetation is cut down to create\u00a0reservoirs. And the emissions that this creates aren\u2019t always taken into account.<\/p>\n

For Jose Marengo, a researcher at\u00a0Brazil\u2019s National Institute for Space Research<\/a>\u00a0(INPE in Portuguese) and a member of the\u00a0Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change<\/a>\u00a0(IPCC), the content of the declaration was generally good. \u201cAn increase in the use of renewable energy is an important part of achieving carbon reduction,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

But Carlos Rittl, executive secretary of the Brazilian\u00a0Observatorio Clima<\/a>, argues that renewable energy targets are ill-planned and not particularly ambitious. \u201cEven if there is an increase in the share of renewables, it is not clear what source of energy would be replaced, fossil fuels or hydroelectricity. And energy demand will increase significantly between now and 2030,\u201d he told Di\u00e1logo Chino.<\/p>\n

The US produces only 10% of energy by domestic renewable sources: hydroelectric, solar power, wind, biomass and geothermal. In Brazil this figure is 43%. However, hydro there alone accounts for 77% of electricity generation.<\/p>\n

Disappointing deforestation pledge<\/strong>\n<\/div>\n

Dilma Rousseff also affirmed that the country would commit to eliminating illegal deforestation by 2030, a highly controversial statement for environmentalists. \u201cIt\u2019s unacceptable that the most ambitious commitment that Dilma has made to protecting forests and fighting climate change is just obeying the law,\u201d said the coordinator of public policy from\u00a0Greenpeace<\/a>\u00a0, M\u00e1rcio Astrini.<\/p>\n

Andre Nahur, Climate Change and Energy Program Coordinator at\u00a0WWF-Brazil<\/a>\u00a0also takes issue with this aspect of the agreement: \u201cEnding illegal felling is a necessity and it has to be done as soon as possible with efficient tools to regulate the land and create alternative forest economies,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

One of the reasons Brazil does not push more ambitious climate commitments is the influence of the powerful\u00a0ruralista<\/em>\u00a0(agribusiness) lobby, according to Rittl. He says that it has played a \u201ckey role\u201d in diluting or changing environmental legislation in recent years.<\/p>\n

Furthermore, Brazil\u2019s agribusiness sector was directly responsible for 27% of gross Brazilian greenhouse gas emissions in 2013, according to\u00a0Observatorio Clima research<\/a>. And this figure rises to 60% when taking into account emissions from forest conversion to crop fields and pastures.<\/p>\n

As part of the efforts to limit global temperatures to a maximum two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, Brazil promised to reforest 12 million hectares by 2030. Trees help to \u201cclean\u201d the atmosphere since they absorb carbon whilst they grow. However, according to Greenpeace, promised restoration only corresponds to about half that required by the existing Forest Code.<\/p>\n

And Rittl adds that the 2008 National Plan on Climate Change already promises \u201czero net deforestation\u201d, another controversial element of the statement which skates over the fact that such a target should be met this year. All the new pledge does is delay that by 15 years, Rittl says.<\/p>\n

Given that present levels of deforestation in the Amazon and Cerrado are around 5,000 square kilometres annually, reaching \u201czero net deforestation\u201d could take 20 years as existing legislation already requires the restoration of 240,000 square kilometres, says Rittl. As such, he summarises, \u201czero net deforestation means zero ambition for Brazil.\u201d<\/p>\n

Jose Marengo indicates that targets are important for policy orientation, but the lack of details on some issues is notable. \u201cWhat is the criteria for illegal clearing? The ideal is zero deforestation, in its legal as much as illegal forms,\u201d he said, adding, \u201cnature doesn\u2019t care if it\u2019s illegal or not. The important thing is to protect forests.\u201d<\/p>\n

Another agreement, made a day earlier and which could have further negative impacts on Brazilian forests, also caught the eye: the increase in beef exports to the US. \u201cThis can lead to a change in the dynamics of agricultural production, pushing farming boundaries and having an additional impact on Brazilian biomes, especially in the Amazon and Cerrado,\u201d says Nahur.<\/p>\n

Paris momentum<\/strong>\n<\/div>\n

The declared intention to increase the use of renewable energy sources can drive investment in Brazil, given the potential for wind and solar generation, says Edwards.<\/p>\n

And for Elbia Gannoum, executive director of the\u00a0Brazilian Association of Wind Energy<\/a>\u00a0(Abee\u00f3lica in Portuguese), Dilma Rousseff made \u201ca good statement\u201d in Washington but offered few advances for the industry: \u201cIt\u2019s in line with the needs and resources that Brazil has and the plan to reduce emissions. We knew that Brazil was heading in this direction,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n

Evaraldo Feitosa, one of the vice presidents of the World Wind Energy Association (WWEA<\/a>\u00a0in Spanish), believes that the objectives declared by the Brazilian head of state fall short of matching its potential: \u201cIn Brazil, we have so much more than this, we can reach 40% wind and solar generation for half the year and up to 70% in some months of the year,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

Wind energy was prohibitively costly in Brazil up until 5 years ago, at which point the country\u2019s economy was in danger of overheating, \u201cthere\u2019s no country that has had growth rates like Brazil\u2019s,\u201d said Feitosa.<\/p>\n

The disclosed plans stipulate that wind can generate 10% of electricity by 2020. It currently produces 5%. \u201cThe targets given by Dilma Rousseff are achievable, since the country\u2019s resources are large and competitive,\u201d says Gannoum.<\/p>\n

The hope now is that the joint declaration will somehow influence a global agreement to reduce greenhouse gasses that will be negotiated at the COP21 in Paris.<\/p>\n

Despite some\u00a0negative assessments of the US-Brazil climate change pledges, Jennifer Morgan of the\u00a0World Resources Institute<\/a>\u00a0is at least encouraged by the impetus it gives climate negotiations; \u201cBrazil and the US recognise the threats that climate change presents and have decided to work together to accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy. The commitment of Presidents Obama and Rousseff to work with other partners towards an ambitious agreement in Paris increases the likelihood of success,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n

This blog post appeared originally on chinadialogue’s sister website\u00a0Di\u00e1logo Chino\u00a0and can be accessed <\/em>here<\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Brazil has made big increases in use of renewable energy, but ambition is limited by the agribusiness lobby<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2089,"featured_media":58069,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[758,761],"tags":[554,569],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-33051","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","category-climate","tag-hydropower","tag-negotiations"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUS-Brazil climate pledge \u201cunacceptable\u201d and \u201cunambitious\u201d, say experts | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"US-Brazil climate pledge is promising in terms of renewable energy, but ambition is limited by the agribusiness lobby\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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