{"id":33099,"date":"2015-07-29T14:37:00","date_gmt":"2015-07-29T14:37:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2024-04-23T10:07:32","modified_gmt":"2024-04-23T10:07:32","slug":"8099-china-s-climate-migrants","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/8099-china-s-climate-migrants\/","title":{"rendered":"China\u2019s climate migrants"},"content":{"rendered":"
As the roof of their home was brought crashing down in a planned demolition, Ma Guoqing and his family set off to start their new life. Ma, 31, was leaving the village of Luziwo in the northern Chinese province of Ningxia, where he lived with his parents, his wife and his son.<\/div>\n
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They knew nothing of their new home, as he\u2019d been given only a new key and the address.\u00a0So on a cold and clear December day in 2013, only two days after definite notice of relocation was issued, they set off in a large convoy of trucks hired by the government to move the villagers.\u00a0They left the mountains in the south of Ningxia and headed for the plains of the north, leaving behind a village of broken old homes.<\/div>\n
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Ma and his family\u2019s move was just one small part of plans by Ningxia officials to relocate 350,000 people. Residents are being forced to abandon their homes in an area that is becoming\u00a0increasingly\u00a0sandy, where the environment is fragile, rain is rare, and natural disasters frequent.<\/p>\n

\"This
\nThis Chinese language graphic from thepaper.cn<\/em><\/a> charts the movements of villagers from arid areas of southern Ningxia to northern parts of the province <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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The parched\u00a0loess<\/a>\u00a0plateau is also one of China\u2019s poorest regions. Better known as Xihaigu<\/a>, in 1972 it was named by the UN World Food Programme as one of the world\u2019s most uninhabitable\u00a0places.<\/div>\n
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Today, Xihaigu is the site of an ecological restoration scheme in which entire villages are to be emptied. When residents leave, their homes are demolished, even with neighbouring homes still occupied. Deputy head of the Ningxia Relocation Bureau, Guo Jianfan, says this new policy aims for more decisive relocations than in the past.<\/div>\n
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Authorities justify the harsh moves, saying people relocated to other areas often drift back, dividing their time between old and new homes, making it difficult to manage movements of population and restore vulnerable ecology such as grasslands.<\/div>\n
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Luziwo village is named after the reeds that grow in a hollow up in a mountain gully, where the soil is so salty crystals lie on the ground like snow. Located in Xiji county, part of Guyuan city in southern Ningxia, droughts there can last years, and new arrivals find their throats dry up and crack, just like the soil.<\/div>\n
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So how dry is it? Figures from the county meteorological bureau put the average annual rainfall at between 200 and 650 millimetres \u2013 but that is far outstripped by annual evaporation figures, of between 1,500 and 2,000 millimetres.<\/div>\n
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Access to water is the focus of village life. The first daily chore is to direct donkeys to the well and haul back water that is then stored\u00a0in underground cisterns.<\/div>\n
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While younger villagers are keen to leave and escape poverty, and outsiders are unlikely to choose to live here, the area is still overpopulated.<\/div>\n
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Ma Zhongyu, former deputy head of the Ningxia Development and Reform Commission, says the south of the province can only support about 1.3 million people \u2013 compared with the 2.3 million living there currently. Overpopulation, he says, exacerbates poverty and environmental damage.<\/div>\n
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A relocation programme was launched in 2011 in order to reduce pressure on the environment as part of the 12th\u00a0Five-Year Plan. Luziwo was chosen as one of the villages from which residents were relocated, moving to a village 500 kilometres north in Pingluo county, located near Miaomiao lake.<\/div>\n
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Although relocations only began in the past few years, Ningxia\u2019s arid climate is by no means a recent phenomenon,\u00a0said Wang Yiming, a professor at Ningxia University\u2019s School of Resources and the Environment.<\/div>\n
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\u201cThe arid environment of the north-west of China started to take shape around 65 million years ago,\u201d explained Wang. \u201cThe formation of the Himalayas greatly increased the height of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and aridity increased.\u201d<\/div>\n
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But climate change does seem to be making things worse.<\/div>\n
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Research by the Ningxia Meteorological Bureau has found average temperatures here have increased by 2.2C over the last 50 years, with droughts and other extreme weather events becoming more frequent.<\/div>\n
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That compares with an average global increase in land surface temperatures by 0.85C over the last 130 years, according to the UN’s climate science panel.<\/div>\n
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In some areas, increased temperatures can lead to more rainfall, but Ningxia\u2019s arid conditions and impact of global warming\u00a0will\u00a0result in increased evaporation, so any extra\u00a0precipitation\u00a0will be lost, says climate expert Lin Erda.<\/div>\n
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A joint study into climate change adaptation in China, carried out in 2010 by China, the UK and Switzerland, found that agriculture in central and southern Ningxia relies on precipitation, rather than irrigation.<\/div>\n
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Climate change has seen grain yields per\u00a0mu<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(a Chinese unit of land measurement) fall to only about 30 kilogrammes, while climate disasters are increasing crop losses.<\/div>\n
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Statistics for 2005 from the Ministry of Environmental Protection show 95% of China\u2019s poor live in areas with extremely fragile environments \u2013 areas particularly sensitive to climate change.<\/div>\n
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He remembers that during the time of people\u2019s communes<\/a>, any land that could be cultivated was exploited, and even mountaintops were used to try to grow crops and increase harvests.<\/div>\n
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\u201cThe springs didn\u2019t give much water to start with, and after a few years the ones high up failed and new ones had to be dug lower down.\u201d<\/div>\n

\n<\/span>The Hulu river that once rose in the southern foothills of Ningxia\u2019s Yueliang mountains is now just a dried-up riverbed.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Manager of Xiji county\u2019s water company, Gao Yujie, blames overdevelopment and global warming. He says just 20 years ago the river was lined with trees, \u201cI played in the river when I was a kid,\u201d he recalled.<\/div>\n
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Parts of that dried-up river bed are now celery fields as prices for the crop have risen in the last few years, meaning the water-hungry vegetable is much more widely planted. Gao says he understands but disapproves of this choice: \u201cThose of us who study water know this is a problem, but growing celery does increase incomes for farmers.\u201d<\/div>\n
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The fragile environment forces more use of natural resources to increase harvests, meaning\u00a0poverty, population, environment\u00a0all become interlinked.<\/div>\n

Wang Yiming explains that relocations are intended to reduce demand for natural resources \u2013 mainly water \u2013 to a sustainable level. It isn\u2019t about retreating, Wang says, it\u2019s a necessary compromise between humankind and nature.<\/p>\n

And in the parts of Xiji emptied a year or more ago, alfalfa \u2013 an important source of forage for livestock \u2013 and wild grasses now sprout up into the warm air.<\/div>\n
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New homes, new problems<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n
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But life in the new villages isn\u2019t as good as was hoped. In some cases, the new homes are smaller than those relocated villagers have left, while newer residents complain about problems with bureaucracy, farming, jobs, and other sources of income.<\/div>\n
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Fan Jianrong, a professor at the Beifang University of Nationalities, who has researched relocation of communities, finds that older villagers are the most despondent about the prospect of moving and have the biggest problems in adapting to new homes.<\/div>\n
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Guoqing\u2019s uncle Ma Cunzi is 45, for instance, and wants to stay in Luziwo despite a final government ultimatum to leave. He even planted potatoes and wheat as soon as the weather was right.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
The family\u2019s new home is in Miaomiao Lake\u2019s District\u00a07. His mother, Ma Cuifang, has been here for several months, but doesn\u2019t like to leave the village as she can\u2019t read and doesn\u2019t know many of the neighbours. His father, Ma Bingwu, spends his time thinking about the cows and fields he used to have.<\/div>\n
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Now, he says, he\u2019s \u201cuseless\u201d to the family. He rides a borrowed bike to the vegetable market, but comes home empty-handed and complaining about the prices.\u00a0\u201cIt\u2019s all more expensive here than in Xiji. It was 0.50 yuan for a kilogramme of potatoes there, and 1 yuan here!\u201d<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
And it is not just older people that can\u2019t settle\u00a0here. Younger residents have become increasingly anxious about jobs and opportunities.<\/div>\n
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The town\u2019s Party secretary\u2019s\u00a0home is full of people who come to ask about work or complain of various problems.<\/div>\n
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\u201cThe government moved us here, and now we don\u2019t know what we\u2019re meant to be doing,\u201d says someone in the crowd, to general agreement.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Wang Xinglong of the\u00a0Pingluo\u00a0county labour and employment bureau explained that \u201con one hand you\u2019ve got companies\u00a0in the area\u00a0that can\u2019t find the workers they need, and on the other hand, many relocated villagers can\u2019t secure suitable work.\u201d<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
The government\u2019s decision to cut off transport and logistical links to villagers\u2019 original homes has caused controversy amongst academics.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Meng Huixin, a post-doctoral student at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences\u2019 Institute of Urban Development and the Environment, said success of the Ningxia relocation effort will be crucial for China to demonstrate capacity to adapt to climate change.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
This is an edited version of the Climate Migrants article published <\/em>as part of a series<\/em><\/a> at Thepaper.cn<\/em><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Forced relocations in China\u2019s arid Ningxia province underline the difficulties of adapting to climate change. This piece won a\u00a0chinadialogue\u00a0award for \u2018Best Climate Report\u2019.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1808,"featured_media":58103,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761],"tags":[50040706,580],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-33099","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","tag-migration","tag-policy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nChina\u2019s climate migrants | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Forced relocations in China\u2019s arid Ningxia province underline the difficulties of adapting to climate change. 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