{"id":33746,"date":"2016-03-22T09:38:00","date_gmt":"2016-03-22T09:38:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-11-12T11:36:49","modified_gmt":"2020-11-12T11:36:49","slug":"8746-will-china-s-environmental-law-help-to-win-war-on-pollution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/8746-will-china-s-environmental-law-help-to-win-war-on-pollution\/","title":{"rendered":"Will China’s environmental law help to win “war on pollution”?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Since China\u2019s minister for environmental protection, Chen Jining, took office a year ago, public interest in \u2013 and scrutiny of \u2013 environmental issues has intensified.<\/p>\n

The Environmental Protection Law, which came into effect at the start of 2015, gave Chen an opportunity to make real changes, and according to official data and other sources, is already\u00a0delivering results in China\u2019s \u201cwar on pollution\u201d.<\/p>\n

At the annual gathering of the NPC and the CPPCC\u00a0in March 2015,\u00a0Chen said that the new law would be no\u00a0\u201cpaper tiger\u201d and would have \u201creal teeth\u201d.<\/p>\n

A year later, and the law appears to be\u00a0making major advances \u2013 and the most obvious impact\u00a0has been in tackling smog.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere have been improvements in the number of good air quality days, the number of poor air quality days, and year-round PM2.5 levels,\u201d Chen said at political meetings in Beijing earlier this month.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

(China’s minister of environmental protection Chen Jining)<\/p>\n

In 2015, 74 cities (the first wave to implement new air quality standards) saw average PM2.5 levels drop by 14.1% year-on-year, according to government data.<\/p>\n

\u201cNASA satellites recorded falling levels of particulate matter in China\u2019s east and central regions. The entire Pearl River Delta met annual PM2.5 standards last year, and to achieve that in such an important region has increased our confidence,\u201d Chen said\u00a0at this year’s conference.<\/p>\n

International environmental organisations also believe that China has achieved meaningful improvements in curbing its air pollution last year, from extremely high levels recorded in 2014.<\/p>\n

A recent study<\/a> from Greenpeace found that from 2014 to 2015, PM2.5 levels (the dangerous fine particles that cause pollution) fell by 10.3%. However, the same report pointed out that 80% of cities still have poor quality air.<\/p>\n

In addition, China\u2019s economic slowdown has prompted shutdowns of factories that are major causes of smog.<\/p>\n

See also: The impact of polluted air on life expectancy\u00a0<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Three stages<\/strong><\/p>\n

Public sentiment has reacted cautiously to claims of clear improvements in air quality. In the winter of 2015-2016 (when pollution is typically worse because of the greater demand for heating), many parts of the country have\u00a0suffered severe fog and haze.<\/p>\n

In Beijing, the first ever red smog<\/a> alert was issued, cars were banned and schools closed.<\/p>\n

When discussing China\u2019s efforts to deal with air pollution, Chen explained that\u00a0the curbs on smog will be delivered in three stages. In the first, emissions far exceed the ability of the authorities to deal with them effectively and efforts made during this stage only manage to yield small improvements.<\/p>\n

In the second stage, government effort and regulations are ramped up, but outcomes fluctuate hugely, and are vulnerable to environmental factors such as,\u00a0wind speed, humidity and rainfall.<\/p>\n

In the third stage, pollution is reduced to the point where outcomes aren\u2019t so dependent on weather conditions, and eventually, smog is reduced to manageable or \u2018safe\u2019 levels.<\/p>\n

According to Chen, \u201cChina is currently in the second of those three stages, and moving towards the third.\u201d<\/p>\n

Stronger oversight of local government<\/strong><\/p>\n

Li Yan, deputy programme director at Greenpeace East Asia,<\/a> told chinadialogue<\/em> that the implementation of the central government policies at a local level can be challenging.<\/p>\n

Last year, the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) shone light on polluting enterprises and targeted local governments. The leaders of the steel-producing city of Linyi in Shandong were the first to be summoned by the ministry under the new law\u2019s powers.<\/p>\n

In the following five days, the city shut down production at 57 plants while action to improve air quality was taken.<\/p>\n

The crackdown was so drastic, and swift, that it disrupted cash flows between firms, led to mass job losses, and increased the risk of a local financial crisis.<\/p>\n

At that time, the environment ministry was castigated on social media networks for hampering economic growth and employment through draconian and arbitrary measures. Some commentators said that environmental protection rules should be relaxed during times of economic uncertainty.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Ministry withstood that pressure and gave prompt rebuttals, shifting mainstream opinion to the view that China should not give the green light to polluting firms during tough economic times,\u201d explained Ma Jun, head of green NGO the Institute for Environmental and Public Affairs.<\/p>\n

The handling of Linyi\u2019s pollution problems has underlined how the MEP has taken decisive action in response to shortcomings at a local level, where there is often a shortage of manpower and resources, and a weak grasp of environmental issues.<\/p>\n

At a press conference at this month\u2019s Lianghui, Chen was critical of the view that protecting environment was incompatible with economic growth.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe need to use environmental protection to encourage economic transformation and upgrading,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

As ever, enforcement at a local level will be crucial. The updated\u00a0environmental law has given legislators more powers to oversee local government and delivery will be monitored closely by the National People\u2019s Congress, China\u2019s main legislative body<\/p>\n

\u201cThose responsibilities need to be enforced, local governments need to abide by the law\u00a0if the companies are going to abide by the law themselves,\u201d said Chen.<\/p>\n

Sharper teeth<\/strong><\/p>\n

One sanction included in the new law should, in theory at least, focus minds among \u00a0companies about the consequences of pollution. These include daily accumulative fines which are imposed when the law is breached. The law hugely increases the cost of those breaches, by removing the previous cap on fines.<\/p>\n

Daily fines were imposed in 715 cases in 2015, with a total of 569 million yuan (\u00a357 million) collected. But application of fines has been patchy and, a case covered in Chinese media last week has garnered much attention.<\/p>\n

In mid-March, the MEP\u00a0ordered an investigation after a provincial environmental protection body fined a factory in Jiangsu province\u00a0just US$90\u00a0for dumping waste water.<\/p>\n

Ma Jun<\/a> says fines need to be much tougher. \u201cIt seems that not many firms were actually given daily fines in this past year<\/a>.\u201d He added that there still is not enough disclosure of environmental information, either by government or businesses.<\/p>\n

A notable achievement of the Environmental Protection\u00a0Law has been its support of public litigation. Last year national courts accepted 53 environmental public interest litigation cases, which is major progress, said Wang Canfa, professor at the China University of Political Science and Law, and the founder and director of the Beijing-based Center for Legal Assistance to Pollution Victims.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

China\u2019s government claims that its environmental law, now in its second year, is delivering results. But more progress will be needed to convince a sceptical public, writes Liu Qin<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1534,"featured_media":58587,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[760],"tags":[580],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-33746","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pollution","tag-policy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWill China's environmental law help to win "war on pollution"? | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"China\u2019s government claims that its environmental law, now in its second year, is delivering results. 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