{"id":33768,"date":"2016-03-29T10:17:00","date_gmt":"2016-03-29T10:17:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-10-20T11:27:48","modified_gmt":"2020-10-20T11:27:48","slug":"8768-fuel-subsidies-have-contributed-to-venezuela-s-economic-crisis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/8768-fuel-subsidies-have-contributed-to-venezuela-s-economic-crisis\/","title":{"rendered":"Fuel subsidies have contributed to Venezuela’s economic crisis"},"content":{"rendered":"

Aside from smaller Caribbean nations, no other country in Latin America consumes more oil-based fuel per person than Venezuela.<\/p>\n

As well as being the largest consumer,\u00a0Venezuela is home to the world’s\u00a0largest proven reserves of crude oil and is\u00a0Latin America\u2019s\u00a0biggest carbon dioxide emitter per person<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Over the past few years, the Venezuelan government has promoted mining and hydrocarbons projects,\u00a0and imported vehicles.<\/p>\n

Public spending policies that underpin these industries, which have been supported by\u00a0loans from China<\/a>, have come under scrutiny in international fora for ignoring\u00a0environmental concerns.<\/p>\n

The story of the Venezuelan state\u2019s peripheral role in international climate negotiations and the huge financial support of its oil sector, which provides cheap fuel to consumers through price subsidies, can be traced back over 20 years.<\/p>\n

Venezuela has long been the country with the cheapest gasoline in the world. Prior to\u00a0February 18<\/a>, prices for refined oil products, above all diesel and petrol, last\u00a0changed in 1996. A previous attempt to raise them in 1989 under the second administration of Carlos Andres Perez is infamously credited with causing the\u00a0Caracazo<\/em>\u00a0street protests and a subsequent violent crackdown.<\/p>\n

See also: China sanguine about Latin America’s economic crisis\u00a0<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Under the entire 14-year presidency of Hugo Chavez (1999 to 2013), prices remained frozen – a political decision rather than one grounded in sound economic argument.<\/p>\n

The consequence of keeping prices artificially low over decades\u00a0has been a devaluation in real terms of the price of combustible liquids; a situation which has\u00a0been exacerbated by the\u00a0soaring\u00a0rate of inflation<\/a>\u00a0and the markdown\u00a0of the\u00a0country\u2019s currency, the Bol\u00edvar\u00a0(an attempt to address the inflation).<\/p>\n

World Bank data<\/a>\u00a0indicates that Venezuela consumed an average of 1,272 litres of fuel per year in 2014, owing to the luxury of having to pay just one US cent per litre. Yet new president Maduro\u2019s raise of the highest octane fuel to 60 US cents per litre, based on the official exchange rate of 10 Bol\u00edvars\u00a0per US$, looks set to change very little.<\/p>\n

Taking into account the exchange rate controls that have been in place in Venezuela since 2003, fuel prices equate to literally zero dollars per litre. As of February, a US dollar would fetch 1,000 Bolivars on the country\u2019s black market.<\/p>\n

Black market\u00a0fuel trade<\/strong><\/p>\n

Keeping prices far lower than those of\u00a0international markets has caused a booming contraband fuel trade with neighbouring countries Colombia and Brazil, and with Caribbean islands. An estimated 30,000 barrels per day leave Venezuela illegally (although some sources suggest this figure is closer to 100,000 barrels), a further driver of domestic consumption.<\/p>\n

Venezuela’s domestic oil demand equates to around eight to ten barrels per year, according to World Bank data, while this figure is 6.5 barrels in Mexico, 5.3 in Argentina and Brazil and falls to 3.7 barrels per year in Colombia.<\/p>\n

This correlates with Venezuela\u2019s CO2 emissions. Venezuelans emit 6.4 metric tonnes of carbon per person per year, a level similar to that of China (6.7 metric tonnes). The rest of Latin America registers much lower figures: Argentina, 4.6; Mexico, 3.9; Brazil, 2.2; and Colombia, 1.6.<\/p>\n

China funds<\/strong><\/p>\n

A 2007 initiative of then president Hugo Chavez, which sought to reduce Venezuela\u2019s trade and investment relationship with the US, has ushered in a round of finance from other countries, above all China.<\/p>\n

This money has gone into propping up domestic fossil fuel industries.<\/p>\n

The majority of a US$20 billion long-term loan agreement from the China Development Bank (CDB), half of which is renminbi-denominated, was received by state-owned oil company PDVSA in return for crude oil or diesel.<\/p>\n

A large proportion has also gone into funding Venezuelan\u00a0infrastructure projects.<\/p>\n

Resources channelled into the \u2018China Fund\u2019 \u2013 which has received around\u00a0US$51 billion from CDB<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 were spent on big infrastructure projects, such as the addition of new lines to the Caracas Metro system. Similar projects were introduced in the cities of Maracaibo, with the construction of two new bridges over the Orinoco\u00a0River and Valencia, with the development of its rail network.<\/p>\n

Some of the fund was used to purchase finished products from China, such as household electrical items and around 20,000 family vehicles made by Chery Automobile worth US$50 million.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis massive purchase is based on the negotiations for a large and long-term China-Venezuela fund to introduce to our market high-quality, economical vehicles which have available parts and after-sales service,\u201d then minister of trade Edm\u00e9e Betancourt said in late 2011, when Hugo Chavez\u2019s electoral campaign for a second reelection was in full swing.<\/p>\n

The other parts of the purchase agreement to supply vehicles were progressively introduced in 2013 and 2014. But four years after the first wave of car imports, domestic automobile manufacturing is still\u00a0struggling.<\/p>\n

Problems\u00a0persist with the supply of parts and servicing of the imported Chinese vehicles amid claims they fail to comply with emissions standards.<\/p>\n

No Paris Agreement<\/strong><\/p>\n

By continuing to pay\u00a0expensive fuel subsidies, Venuezuala\u00a0has attracted\u00a0criticism<\/a>\u00a0in international fora\u00a0that\u00a0examine individual country\u2019s commitments to reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs).<\/p>\n

Headed by Ambassador Claudia Salerno, the Venezuelan delegation at the UN\u2019s Paris conference avoided making a firm commitment to reducing GHG emissions by 20%. The delegation did not consider the progressive substitution of fossil fuels and technologies linked to the hydrocarbon sector for cleaner alternatives. Nor did it mention the proposed or current actions undertaken by PDVSA compared to other big oil companies, which have begun to diversify into cleaner projects such as wind and solar.<\/p>\n

Green groups have objected to extractive projects promoted by the Venezuelan government over the past three years \u2013 most of which are financed by resources form China and which have operated on the edge of the remit of the country\u2019s environmental authorities. There has been a distinct lack of detail on how funds are allocated to projects.<\/p>\n

It has not\u00a0gone unnoticed that president Maduro\u00a0was\u00a0one of the few national leaders absent from the\u00a0Paris conference<\/a>.\u00a0OPEC<\/a>\u00a0nations such as Venezuela and Saudia Arabia were also\u00a0cristicised for not tackling their enormous fuel subsidies, which inhibit a culture of efficiency and energy saving.<\/p>\n

This article was originally published on\u00a0<\/em>Di\u00e1logo Chino<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Venezuela has hiked gasoline prices for the first time in almost two decades. But the move has done\u00a0little to ease oil dependency\u00a0in\u00a0Latin America\u2019s biggest per capita emitter,\u00a0writes\u00a0Andr\u00e9s Rojas Jim\u00e9nez<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000398,"featured_media":58601,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[758],"tags":[513,544,547,556,600],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-33768","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","tag-carbon-emissions","tag-finance","tag-fossil-fuels","tag-infrastructure","tag-trade"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFuel subsidies have contributed to Venezuela's economic crisis | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Venezuela has hiked gasoline prices for the first time in almost two decades. 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