{"id":34006,"date":"2016-06-17T10:46:00","date_gmt":"2016-06-17T10:46:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-10-09T15:11:29","modified_gmt":"2020-10-09T15:11:29","slug":"9006-tearing-down-the-walls","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9006-tearing-down-the-walls\/","title":{"rendered":"Tearing down the walls"},"content":{"rendered":"

A central government document aimed at improving urban planning across China has split public opinion. The controversy centres on a proposal<\/a>, released in February, to pull down walled boundaries that run around residential compounds, which are common in China. The document says that\u00a0paths and roads that cut through these compounds should be opened up\u00a0to the public.<\/p>\n

Online, there has been a backlash against\u00a0the proposal, with residents and their supporters\u00a0raising\u00a0concerns over security and claiming\u00a0ownership of the roads and spaces within the compounds that the government wants to open to the public. Residents of these areas\u00a0say a\u00a0new legal framework is needed to protect their legal rights.<\/p>\n

Experts and the authorities have attempted to reassure the public that an opening up of compounds would not be applied universally, and would only happen when the time is right. In the last few months,\u00a0public anger in online discussions\u00a0about the government’s plans\u00a0appears to have gradually calmed.<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, trials were carried out in some localities \u2013 the city of Changsha ordered district and county governments to tear down their own walls, with official compounds to become public parks by the end of May.<\/p>\n

Some pilot areas in Chengdu<\/a> are demonstrating the \u201copen neighbourhood\u201d concept by gradually making the roads within residential communities accessible to the public.<\/p>\n

The text from the central government proposal that has sparked the fuss runs as follows: \u201cNew residential complexes should in principle not be enclosed. Existing residential and work unit compounds will be gradually opened up, making internal roads accessible to the public.\u201d<\/p>\n

The document adds that in cities, the ideal urban road layout should consist of a tight network of narrow roads\u00a0that would\u00a0complement expressways, primary and secondary main roads and branch roads. Both existing and new construction should be \u201copen\u201d, the document adds.<\/p>\n

The People<\/em>\u2019<\/em>s Daily<\/em>, an official newspaper, explained this as the result of the Central Committee restarting its urban planning work after a 37 year hiatus, with measures aimed at combating urban ills such as congestion and pollution. In the view of some, the cause of those scourges is that China has often focused too much on expansions of cities, rather than prioritising ways of making them more liveable.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\n(Image by \u55bb\u5a55)<\/span><\/p>\n

The death of the enclosed community<\/strong><\/p>\n

But that expansion has driven 20 years of rapid urbanisation, with the government relocating existing residents and then making sites available for developers to build housing compounds to sell off to home-buyers. This provides funds for urban development, while the large scale of these projects has helped cut costs for developers, allowing them to expand and increase profits.<\/p>\n

The residential compounds built under these circumstances are referred to in Chinese as \u201clittle districts\u201d. These are unlike the company or government compounds of the planned economy era. These sprawling areas are sealed off from the outside world and have their own green spaces, car parks, roads and even gyms and restaurants; and are run by a dedicated property management company.<\/p>\n

Alongside these commercial developments, which can be home to hundreds if not thousands of households, there is another type of \u201csuper community\u201d. Tiantongyuan in Beijing is a classic example. Built in 1999 to provide subsidised government housing, it covers eight square kilometres, has over 6 million square metres of building area and was home to 300,000 people in 2008 \u2013 and nearly 400,000 by 2011.<\/p>\n

A look at the map shows that there are few roads within the compound, and it could be a 20\u00a0minute walk from homes to the gates on its boundary. Non-residents have to drive around Tiantongyuan, rather than through it.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\nIt\u2019s quite a walk from the gate to the nearest subway station.\u00a0(Image by \u8def\u5ca9)<\/span><\/p>\n

This is an extreme example, but it is common in China for urban roads and functions to be interrupted by such compounds. Road density is much lower in Beijing and Shanghai than it is in Paris, Tokyo or Washington, and this lack of smaller routes leads to\u00a0congestion in the main arteries.<\/p>\n

Zhang Guohua<\/a>, director of the National Development and Reform Commission\u2019s Urban Centre Transportation Planning Institute, explained that in cities in fully-developed nations you find 100 or even 200 junctions in every square kilometre \u2013 but Pudong New District in Shanghai has only 14, and some parts of Beijing a mere 10.\u00a0Large company or government compounds are also common, particularly in Beijing.<\/p>\n

But controversy has been inevitable. One of the main questions being asked is: who has the right to decide that already established communities should be opened up? The right to use this land \u2013 the roads, the green spaces, or that which the buildings themselves stand on \u2013 was leased to the developers for 70 year terms, and then sold to house-buyers.<\/p>\n

Under the 2007 Property Law, in the absence of specific regulations to the contrary, those roads belong to the people who own the homes. And these roads are also used for parking and other functions. The People\u2019s Supreme Court\u2019s response to the issue was to say that it will take time for the new state policy to become enshrined in legislation.<\/p>\n

During the controversy, an article on \u201ccommunity rights\u201d<\/a> written by CCTV host Wang Zhi\u2019an<\/a>,\u00a0became popular. For security reasons, during the 2008 Olympics the Beijing government required all such compounds to install gates and prevent non-residents from entering \u2013 including Wang\u2019s.<\/p>\n

However, as head of the residents\u2019 committee he opposed this and ultimately prevented the changes going ahead.<\/p>\n

In a major change of mind after the Olympics, the residents decided in the end to install gates and enclose their compounds more effectively, and cover the associated costs.<\/p>\n

Concerns<\/strong><\/p>\n

Opening up the compounds will depend on the rights the law gives the owners. But what do the residents\u00a0actually want?<\/p>\n

A survey by the Foshan Daily<\/em> found 32% of respondents agreed that \u201cin principle no more enclosed residential communities should be built\u201d, while around 46% were opposed to such a moratorium because they felt actual implementation would be too difficult.<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, just over 21% were undecided. But only 19% agreed that existing compounds should be opened to allow for road access and more efficient land use, with 40% opposed and 41% waiting for \u201cmore detailed policy\u201d. One online commentator said: \u201cYou can\u2019t do it universally, you should decide according to specific circumstances.\u201d<\/p>\n

Yuan Qifeng, a professor at Sun Yat-Sen University who studies planning, says that enclosed communities are a product of social division. This, a widening gap between rich and poor, and increasingly\u00a0mobile populations within cities, leads to crime and safety issues \u2013 promoting demands from the\u00a0urban middle classes for\u00a0security.<\/p>\n

What\u2019s next?<\/strong><\/p>\n

In late February the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development published a statement on its website on \u201ccorrect understanding\u201d of the plans \u2013 they would not be applied universally, nor would it be a case of simply knocking down the walls. The changes\u00a0would be planned and gradual, with local opinions heard when specific approaches were being drawn up. In addition, the legal rights of residents would be protected.<\/p>\n

Provisions on\u00a0sustainable development ideas in the original document were actually welcomed by NGOs and research bodies. But the controversy shows how the implementation of such ideas face social and legal constraints. It is possible the law will be changed, but changing the minds of those who are content with the status quo will require policymakers to tread carefully \u2013 and have compensation ready.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

China is considering whether to open up residential\u00a0compounds in its major cities, writes Yu Jie<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":285,"featured_media":58773,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[760],"tags":[],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-34006","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pollution"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nTearing down the walls | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"China is considering whether to open up residential\u00a0compounds in its major cities, writes Yu Jie\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9006-tearing-down-the-walls\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta 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