{"id":34009,"date":"2016-06-14T11:52:00","date_gmt":"2016-06-14T11:52:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-10-09T15:27:21","modified_gmt":"2020-10-09T15:27:21","slug":"9009-lack-of-data-openness-could-obstruct-soil-clean-up","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9009-lack-of-data-openness-could-obstruct-soil-clean-up\/","title":{"rendered":"Lack of data, openness could obstruct soil clean up"},"content":{"rendered":"

China\u2019s <\/span>Soil Pollution Prevention Action Plan<\/a>, which was released late last month after years of delays, sets out clear goals in terms of dealing with soil pollution, but a lack of detail\u00a0in the document has disappointed environmental experts and campaigners.<\/p>\n

The plan, which has\u00a0been three years in the making, mandates that a worsening of soil pollution will be brought under initial control by 2020; and that soil quality nationwide will be stabilised or improve by 2030.<\/p>\n

By the middle of the century, China\u2019s soil would be required\u00a0to show an overall improvement.\u00a0By the end of this decade,\u00a090% of China\u2019s polluted land (including arable land\u00a0and other types) must be made safe to use, with that figure required to rise to 95% by 2030.<\/p>\n

Chen Nengchang, a researcher at the Guangdong Institute of Eco-environment and Soil Sciences, told <\/span>chinadialogue<\/em> that there are no problems with the overall approach of the plan, such as\u00a0the establishment\u00a0of\u00a0a soil pollution monitoring network, a\u00a0categorisation of\u00a0agricultural land by degree of pollution, and better protection of unpolluted land.<\/p>\n

But a lack of clarity means it will be hard to match up the overall targets with specific actions, or to judge from the text alone if those targets will be met.<\/p>\n

Chen said that there are no explanations of what standards will be used to evaluate levels of pollution, what \u201csafe to use\u201d actually means, and whether or not the plan alone will be enough to reach that 90% target.<\/p>\n

Overall, experts have expressed disappointment with\u00a0the long-awaited soil pollution plan.<\/p>\n

See also: China’s tainted soil initiative lacks pay plan<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

The\u00a0biggest problem that local government, companies and the general public face\u00a0is that it is currently unclear how bad China\u2019s soil pollution really is.<\/p>\n

How much land is polluted? Where? How much polluted land is now \u201csafe to use\u201d? This information has not been made public, therefore Chen cannot say how much work is needed and how difficult the process will be.<\/p>\n

And that lack of disclosure\u00a0is the reason tackling soil pollution in China has taken so long to get started.<\/p>\n

Disclosure<\/strong><\/p>\n

Between 2006 and 2010 the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) and the Ministry of Land and Resources (MLR) carried out a full survey of soil pollution in China.<\/p>\n

A statistical report<\/a> on the findings of that survey was released in 2014, with 16% of almost 10,000 testing points across 1,500 surveyed areas found to be in breach of standards. As there are far more polluted sites in China than testing points in this survey, some academics regard the survey as too broad,\u00a0failing\u00a0to reflect the real\u00a0extent of pollution.<\/p>\n

Gao Shengda, editor of China Environmental Remediation<\/em>, an industry website, <\/span>estimates<\/a> there are between 300,000 and 500,000 polluted sites in China, 30 to 50 times more than the number\u00a0of testing points in the 2014 survey.<\/p>\n

Following the <\/span>soil pollution scandal<\/a> at a Changzhou school this April, environmental protection minister Chen Jining said he wanted to see a detailed nationwide survey of which sites were polluted.<\/p>\n

The action plan also calls for an investigation by 2018 into agricultural soil pollution to establish the extent, location and impact on agricultural products, and for the location and risk of pollution at key industrial sites to be understood by 2020.<\/span><\/p>\n

But given that the earlier, broad\u00a0survey took almost four years, the difficulties of completing a more detailed study\u00a0and risk evaluation in the three years before 2020 appear daunting.<\/p>\n

Ma Jun, director of the Institute for Public and Environmental Affairs (IPE) said: \u201cI\u2019m sure there\u2019s already a map (of soil pollution), but for various reasons it hasn\u2019t been published.”<\/p>\n

But soil pollution often\u00a0isn’t\u00a0obvious, so if the details of the affected sites and levels of pollution aren\u2019t disclosed, the public cannot have faith in or exercise oversight of remediation efforts.<\/p>\n

And ultimately, that will make those efforts less effective. The details of polluted sites and associated pollutants found in the 2006-2010 survey were never published.<\/p>\n

Ma told chinadialogue<\/em> that he thinks the government isn\u2019t releasing existing information as it is worried about causing panic. Gao Shengda added that the MEP is currently emphasising the need for an \u201corderly release\u201d of information.<\/p>\n

Civil society maps<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

After the Changzhou scandal, the IPE published a map of soil pollution risk \u2013 the first such map to be made available to the public in China.<\/p>\n

The IPE produced its map by filtering its pollution database, identifying 4,500 companies in 13 polluting industries such as chemicals, mining and metals.\u00a0Of these,\u00a03,998 were state-controlled and 502 non-state controlled, and 729 industrial zones home to the same industries. These locations were then marked on a map of China.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/span>
\nMap produced by filtering of pollution source data. Source: IPE<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

This doesn\u2019t show sites of soil pollution or the degree to which these are contaminated, only possible sources of pollution. But Ma hopes even this compromised effort will promote the gradual release of more information and increase the public appetite for such data.<\/p>\n

The locations marked on the map will be brownfield sites, and if the companies currently there decide to move, the sites will need remediation, which involves the removal of contaminants<\/a> to protect human health and the environment.<\/p>\n

By tracking when such moves take place, an initial set of data on polluted sites could be built up, helping to make information on polluted sites more open.<\/span><\/p>\n

During this process, monitoring of relocations and emissions will require public participation, which will help everyone understand the dangers of soil pollution.<\/p>\n

\u201cThat means that when the MEP does publish pollution data, people won\u2019t just panic,\u201d said Ma.<\/p>\n

Ma also thinks that openness of information is a gradual process.\u00a0Maps such as that produced by the IPE rely on data on major polluters released by the MEP over the last decade, and increasing disclosure of regulatory information.<\/p>\n

The action plan does include openness of information. Local governments will be required to produce a list of companies subject to monitoring of soil pollution based on the location of industrial and mining companies and their emissions, with companies on that list to carry out monitoring of soil pollution at their sites and make the findings public.<\/p>\n

But it is still unknown exactly what that information will consist of.<\/p>\n

Ma hopes that will be clarified as soon as possible. He worries that only aggregate data will be released, rather than information on specific sites and pollutants.<\/p>\n

Also, existing systems for disclosing pollution information haven’t\u00a0covered particular pollutants, which can be hugely harmful even in tiny quantities.<\/p>\n

If China was to follow the example of the US Superfund<\/a> law, companies would be required to publish an inventory<\/a> of emissions of harmful substances \u2013 which is hugely helpful for preventing and monitoring such pollution.<\/p>\n

It is also important to consider where the information is published. The soil action plan doesn\u2019t mention a platform for disclosure. \u201cIf you don\u2019t have a platform, like the one for the <\/span>Air Quality Index<\/a>, the companies don\u2019t know where to put the information, and nobody knows where to find it, which makes disclosure meaningless,\u201d explained Ma.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/span>
\nMap of levels of risk, based on locations of 4,500 companies in key industries and over 700 industrial zones. Source: IPE<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Liability<\/b><\/p>\n

But even if the scale of China\u2019s soil polluted is eventually disclosed and catalogued, the huge costs\u00a0of\u00a0dealing with pollution will remain a huge challenge.<\/p>\n

Zhang Junjie, an assistant professor at University of California, San Diego, told chinadialogue<\/em> that the most important issue is to decide who is liable, which in turn would\u00a0dictate\u00a0where the money comes from.<\/p>\n

He believes the action plan\u2019s principles of \u201cpolluter pays\u201d and lifetime liability for pollution should be made as powerful as those in the US Superfund law.<\/span><\/p>\n

But currently, China’s\u00a0action plan does not specify what form that liability takes (on which companies should contribute to a clean-up fund, to hire a third party to carry out remediation) so further discussion is needed.<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, Ma worries that the existing regulation, which makes the purchaser of a site liable for historical pollution, could be a loophole that companies could exploit if they are unable to deal with the problem.<\/p>\n

Existing regulations might also make it possible for companies to opt for bankruptcy and avoid paying for a big clean-up, which would require the government to step in.<\/p>\n

Funds<\/strong><\/p>\n

But as Chen Jining pointed out at a meeting early this year, the point of the \u201cbig clean-up\u201d of soil pollution is risk management. The action plan is not meant to provide financial resources\u00a0for restoration \u2013 rather it aims to combine funds, such as those\u00a0for dealing with heavy metal pollution, into a single soil pollution fund.<\/p>\n

However, that pot of cash\u00a0is deemed insufficient to deal with the huge scale of the problem. The heavy metal pollution fund was set up in 2010 and has received billions of yuan in funding every year,\u00a0with a sharp increase last year, to over 9 billion yuan (US$1.36 billion).<\/p>\n

And this is tiny in comparison with the trillions of yuan<\/a> that will be needed to clean up soil pollution. The action plan calls for more government spending and the use of Public Private Partnerships, but as yet there are no specific programmes for doing this. Currently it is unclear to what degree the private sector will be involved.<\/p>\n

Regardless, as Chen Nengchang says, \u201cit is progress to at least have an action plan.\u201d Ma Jun said much more clarity is needed, and hopes to see more details and improvements in a follow-up soil pollution law.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

China’s soil pollution plan will require much greater clarity to be effective, writes Zhang\u00a0Chun\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1281,"featured_media":58777,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[760],"tags":[],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-34009","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pollution"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLack of data, openness could obstruct soil clean up | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"China's soil pollution plan will require much greater clarity to be effective, writes Zhang\u00a0Chun\u00a0\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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