{"id":34264,"date":"2016-09-23T09:48:00","date_gmt":"2016-09-23T09:48:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-10-08T10:13:52","modified_gmt":"2020-10-08T10:13:52","slug":"9264-china-stokes-global-coal-growth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/9264-china-stokes-global-coal-growth\/","title":{"rendered":"China stokes global coal growth"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"ltr\"><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a0075e02-4c26-0a34-62bf-698f5fb17191\">Chinese companies and banks are continuing to drive global coal expansion, as state&nbsp;owned companies, backed by state loans, build coal-fired power plants across the world. This is despite commitments from China\u2019s top leaders to deliver clean energy and low carbon infrastructure for developing countries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The world\u2019s largest carbon emitter aims to reposition itself as a global green power. In a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinadialogue.net\/blog\/8208-China-pledges-US-3-1bn-of-climate-finance-\/en\">joint US-China statement<\/a> at the White House in September 2015, President Xi Jinping agreed to strictly control public investment for overseas projects with high pollution and carbon emissions. China won praise for promising to peak its greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinadialogue.net\/article\/show\/single\/en\/8459-Paris-Agreement-gives-hope-in-fight-against-climate-change\">UN climate summit in Paris<\/a> in 2015&nbsp;\u2013 and trying to wean itself slowly off coal. Chinese manufacturers are now major suppliers of cheap solar and wind parts worldwide.<\/p>\n<p>However, these efforts are being undercut by Chinese backed coal power plants planned and under construction from Indonesia to Pakistan, Turkey to the Balkans \u2013as well as in Africa and Latin America. These could boost global emissions and lock developing countries into fossil fuel intensive energy systems for decades. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>New data collected by <em>chinadialogue<\/em> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/bankwatch.org\/\">CEE Bankwatch Network <\/a>shows that since 2015 many new Chinese coal plant project deals have been announced and are under development. \u201cThe majority of these projects are under loan consideration by China&#8217;s policy-driven financing, and supplied by equipment from the country&#8217;s largest power generation manufacturers,\u201d said Wawa Wang, public finance policy officer at CEE Bankwatch Network.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a0075e02-4c26-0a34-62bf-698f5fb17191\">Chinese banks and companies are currently involved in at least 79 coal fired<\/span> generation projects, with a total capacity of over 52 GW, more than the 46 GW of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.treehugger.com\/environmental-policy\/12300-megawatts-coal-power-will-shut-down-us-2015-lots-more-to-come.html\">planned coal closures<\/a> in the US by 2020.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"520\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" msallowfullscreen=\"\" oallowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/bethwalker22.carto.com\/viz\/d1b9803d-56db-49f6-a346-a77f04247e5e\/embed_map\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"100%\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a0075e02-4c26-0a34-62bf-698f5fb17191\">Beijing has encouraged state owned coal companies and energy intensive industries such as concrete, steel and cement, to \u201cgo out\u201d as part of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.ndrc.gov.cn\/newsrelease\/201503\/t20150330_669367.html\">One Belt One Road Initiative<\/a>&nbsp;(OBOR). This aims to open up new opportunities for Chinese companies and to build infrastructure to link China to European markets and beyond. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a0075e02-4c26-0a34-62bf-698f5fb17191\"><strong>New outlets <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The overseas push comes as China\u2019s power sector is struggling with <a href=\"https:\/\/energydesk.greenpeace.org\/2016\/03\/02\/china-coal-bubble-210-power-plants\/\">severe overcapacity<\/a> with the slowing economy and slashing of energy intensive industries at home. This has led to the lowest use of existing power generation capacity since 1978. Greenpeace estimates that at any given moment, <a href=\"https:\/\/energydesk.greenpeace.org\/2015\/11\/23\/whats-happening-china-coal\/\">more than half<\/a> of China\u2019s coal capacity lies idle.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a0075e02-4c26-0a34-62bf-698f5fb17191\">Yet despite central government attempts to reduce its coal fired power and the toxic smog it produces, there is a surge in new approvals for power plants as a result of pushback from provincial authorities and the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinadialogue.net\/blog\/9113-All-eyes-on-China-s-13th-Five-Year-Plan-for-energy\/en\">perverse incentives<\/a> created by falling coal prices and government fixed electricity prices.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a0075e02-4c26-0a34-62bf-698f5fb17191\">In addition, Huaneng\u2013 one of five state owned energy giants \u2013 plans to significantly boost its share of profits from overseas projects by 2020, according to its <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/paper.people.com.cn\/zgnyb\/html\/2015-07\/13\/content_1587614.htm\">five year strategy<\/a>. Its expansion will focus on coal in South and Southeast Asia, Russia and Eastern Europe; hydropower in South Asia, Africa and Europe; and wind and solar in Europe and Latin America. While the corporate strategy highlights overseas risks from war, terrorist attacks and corruption, environmental risks are not mentioned.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a0075e02-4c26-0a34-62bf-698f5fb17191\">All this contributes to concern that China will follow developed countries\u2019 example and simply export its carbon emissions as it moves up the global value chain, threatening any fragile international progress on emissions reduction. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a0075e02-4c26-0a34-62bf-698f5fb17191\"><a href=\"https:\/\/paper.people.com.cn\/zgnyb\/html\/2015-07\/13\/content_1587614.htm\">Industry insiders argue<\/a><\/span> that China\u2019s coal advance will bring tangible environmental benefits by providing more efficient technologies than countries could otherwise afford. But the number of new projects in the pipeline will counteract any modest emissions savings made by \u201csupercritical\u201d technology, especially since China\u2019s new, stringent standards for domestic plants do not apply to exports.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a0075e02-4c26-0a34-62bf-698f5fb17191\">While global coal use is thought to have fallen by 4.6% year on year through the first nine months of 2015 \u2013 urgent action is still needed to avoid locking in carbon intensive resource use in the future. A third of the new capacity in the global pipeline is coal (1161\/3165 GW) according to estimates a forthcoming paper by Phillip Hannam, a scholar at the Princeton Environment Institute \u2013 and nearly 90% of this is in rapidly growing Asian economies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>China\u2019s expansion comes as the World Bank and many developed countries have stepped back from funding dirty coal. In 2013 the World Bank strictly <a href=\"https:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/us-worldbank-climate-coal-idUKBRE96F19U20130716\">limited coal funding<\/a> and last year OECD countries including Japan and Korea promised to end public financing of coal plants overseas except to the poorest countries.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a0075e02-4c26-0a34-62bf-698f5fb17191\">An earlier study from the San Francisco-based Climate Policy Initiative found that China had invested as much as US$38 billion (253 billion yuan) in coal fired power plants overseas between 2010-2014 and had announced plans for another US$72 billion (480 billion yuan)&nbsp;worth of projects (though not all with firm commitments).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"520\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" msallowfullscreen=\"\" oallowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/bethwalker22.carto.com\/viz\/a5be100c-7fd1-11e6-a77a-0e3ff518bd15\/embed_map\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"100%\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>Asia \u2013 a global hotspot<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>China\u2019s coal footprint is particularly large in Asia. In 2015 coal-fuelled plants accounted for 68% of generating capacity built by China in the rest of Asia, and in future this is set to rise, according to an earlier paper co-authored by Hannam. In contrast, where countries built capacity without Chinese support, coal-fired plants made up only 32% of new capacity. &nbsp;Worldwide, the majority of China\u2019s support to the power sector in the global south was funnelled into coal, says the paper.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a0075e02-4c26-0a34-62bf-698f5fb17191\">Since 2000, China has overtaken Japan to become the leading exporter of coal equipment \u2013 offering \u201cbargain\u201d prices to energy-starved countries and increasing its share of global coal exports from zero to 37% (85GW). It may be much higher, since, where data is missing, exports are largely attributable to China.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>China is the largest supplier of equipment to India, which is expected to double its coal capacity by 2031. Chinese firms account for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hindustantimes.com\/business\/chinese-power-majormay-invest-big-in-il-fs-plant-in-kutch\/story-UtTifNyyUGCrV33ZfRWd3I.html\">60%<\/a> of the equipment ordered in the private sector and are involved in at least 19 projects across the country, the largest being a massive 4,000 MW plant in Gujarat, built by Huaneng and financed by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icbc-ltd.com\/icbcltd\/en\/\">Industrial and Commercial Bank&nbsp;<\/a>of China (ICBC)<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a0075e02-4c26-0a34-62bf-698f5fb17191\"><strong>Coal flows along the Silk Roads<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Historically, coal power financing has predominantly flowed to India, Indonesia and Vietnam \u2013 but now China is diversifying with multimillion dollar projects planned in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia and Kazakhstan. Further along the OBOR corridors, coal hotspots are emerging in Turkey and the Balkans, where local players are also active. These countries lie outside more stringent European Union environmental regulations and the limitations placed on international finance.<\/p>\n<p>The money and equipment flow into countries where environmental regulations and laws are weak and corruption endemic. In Pakistan alone, China is building at least <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ppib.gov.pk\/N_upcoming_coal.htm\">7,800 MW<\/a> of new coal capacity under the China Pakistan Economic Corridor project. This includes the excavation of the dirtiest kind of lignite coal in the Thar desert \u2013 one of the world\u2019s largest untapped coal deposits. The projects have met with protest on the streets and in the courts. <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/2016\/07\/05\/seven-year-old-sues-pakistan-government-over-climate-change\/\">In a land mark case<\/a>, a seven-year old girl has sued the government for violating the rights of her generation to a healthy life by developing coal. In her petition she argues this will dramatically increase Pakistan\u2019s carbon emissions, while ignoring the potential of wind and solar.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a0075e02-4c26-0a34-62bf-698f5fb17191\">The Punjab high court\u2019s objections to the Sahiwal coal plant on environmental grounds were&nbsp;<\/span><a href=\"mailto:https:\/\/www.thenews.com.pk\/print\/67984-lhc-issues-stay-order-for-establishment-of-coal-power-project-in-sahiwal\">brushed aside<\/a> in 2015, since it is being fast-tracked under the CPEC. While Pakistan is desperately short of power, the economics are dubious. Sahiwal will require billions of dollars investment in new rail infrastructure to haul <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nepra.org.pk\/Licences\/Generation\/IPP-2002\/LAG-292%20Huaneng%20Shandong%20Generation%20Licence%2010-06-2015.PDF\">imported coal<\/a> 1,000 km from the port city of Karachi. Petitioners say pollution around the site has already breached national air quality limits.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"520\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" msallowfullscreen=\"\" oallowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/bethwalker22.carto.com\/viz\/33eb9424-f1b8-11e5-bcac-0ecd1babdde5\/embed_map\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" width=\"100%\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a0075e02-4c26-0a34-62bf-698f5fb17191\"><strong>No transparency <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Compared to others, Chinese banks are particularly opaque: \u201cPolicy driven Chinese financial institutions have yet to adopt information disclosure and accountability policies to protect the rights of affected communities. The situation is further aggravated when there is no institutional oversight of Chinese overseas financing of energy infrastructure projects and the economic, social and environmental problems they cause,\u201d says Wang.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a0075e02-4c26-0a34-62bf-698f5fb17191\">The information behind the map was collected by <\/span><em>chinadialogue<\/em> and Bank Watch from company and bank annual reports and available commercial data. In many cases financial data is unavailable.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a0075e02-4c26-0a34-62bf-698f5fb17191\"><strong>A way forward<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>China has no road map yet for phasing out overseas coal investment. \u201cImplementation measures from the two countries are needed before the US-China joint statement can be translated into action&nbsp;,\u201d says Yang Fuqiang, senior adviser on climate, energy and environment at The&nbsp;Natural Resources Defense Council, a Beijing based NGO.<\/p>\n<p>He is working with a team to develop green guidelines \u2013\u201can implementable policy that can be adopted by Chinese financial institutions.\u201d &nbsp;They are preparing their recommendations for the government at the moment.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a0075e02-4c26-0a34-62bf-698f5fb17191\">\u201cNow we are trying to investigate experiences from the past two years to see what we can learn and improve because OBOR is a big global strategy, and without this, investors will face many risks, including environment and climate change risks,\u201d says Yang. <\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a0075e02-4c26-0a34-62bf-698f5fb17191\">Yang\u2019s work at the NRDC builds on a growing movement within China to hold Chinese banks to account on their <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinadialogue.net\/article\/show\/single\/en\/4922-Keeping-an-eye-on-China-s-bankers\">green lending credentials<\/a> \u2013 and a growing interest in green finance from institutions themselves. China is the world\u2019s largest issuer of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinadialogue.net\/article\/show\/single\/en\/9128-China-s-green-bond-market-booms-with-more-clarity-in-policy\">green bonds<\/a>, but unless progress is made fast, Chinese money and equipment will be used to lock in dirty fossil fuel in developing countries and tarnish China\u2019s ambitions to become a green superpower.<\/p>\n<p>\n<em>Emily Franklin, Zhou Jie and Robyn Maby also contributed to the data map<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>China cuts coal at home but state owned companies and banks drive new coal expansion overseas, despite top level promises of green growth for developing countries, writes\u00a0Beth Walker<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":581,"featured_media":58975,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[758,757],"tags":[520,544,556,580],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-34264","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","category-energy","tag-coal","tag-finance","tag-infrastructure","tag-policy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - 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She is also editor of thethirdpole.net. She has researched and written about Asia\u2019s international rivers for many years, and has lived and worked in Yunnan province. She studied Chinese at Oxford University and Development Management at the London School of Economics. 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