{"id":34328,"date":"2016-10-19T11:06:00","date_gmt":"2016-10-19T11:06:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-30T17:04:05","modified_gmt":"2020-09-30T17:04:05","slug":"9328-coolants-that-warm-earth-on-way-out-finally","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/9328-coolants-that-warm-earth-on-way-out-finally\/","title":{"rendered":"Coolants that warm earth on way out, finally"},"content":{"rendered":"

Less than a year after finalising the historic Paris Agreement<\/a>, countries have wrapped up another major deal to fight climate change. On October 15, an amendment to the ozone-saving Montreal Protocol<\/a>\u00a0was\u00a0authorised\u00a0that could\u00a0prove crucial in keeping the rise in global temperature to within two degree Celsius of pre-industrial times.<\/p>\n

Negotiators sat through the night on Friday at the newly-constructed convention centre in the Rwandan capital Kigali, to finalise the amendment that will allow the Montreal Protocol to eliminate a set of hydroflurocarbon (HFC) gases that, whilst not ozone-depleting, are hundreds or thousands of times more dangerous than carbon dioxide in causing global warming.<\/p>\n

The amendment will ensure the elimination\u00a0of\u00a0almost all HFCs by 2050. This single measure is estimated to avoid about a\u00a00.5 degree\u00a0Celsius rise in global temperatures by the end of the century.<\/p>\n

“Last year in Paris, we promised to keep the world safe from the worst effects of climate change.\u00a0Today, we are following through on that promise. This is about much more than the ozone layer and HFCs. It is a clear statement by all world leaders that the green transformation started in Paris is irreversible and unstoppable,” said Erik Solheim, executive director of the UN Environment Programme.<\/p>\n

HFCs are gases used predominantly as coolants in the air-conditioning and refrigerant industry. Globally, they account for only about 5% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions but their use is growing faster than other GHGs, especially in developing countries such as\u00a0India. At an average global growth rate of about 10% per year, HFCs\u00a0would\u00a0account for an estimated\u00a0one-fifth of all GHG emissions by 2050 if unrestricted use were to continue.<\/p>\n

Recognising that HFCs need to be eliminated quickly, countries have focused for a number of years on\u00a0using\u00a0the Montreal Protocol mechanism to phase them out instead of the Paris Agreement, which was still in the making. The legally-binding Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer\u00a0is considered to be the most successful environmental agreements reached so far, having phased\u00a0out 98% of all ozone-damaging chemicals in just over 25 years.<\/p>\n

The amendment finalised in Kigali is expected to be\u00a0similarly effective in stopping the\u00a0use of\u00a0HFCs over the next 30 years.\u00a0Estimates show that the\u00a0amendment will avoid emissions equivalent to\u00a070 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide from 2020 to 2050, or more than 2.3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent annually.\u00a0This is like shutting more than 750 coal power stations of 500 megawatts.<\/p>\n

The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol will ensure that at least 85% of all global\u00a0HFCs will be eliminated by 2047. This timeline is much shorter for developed countries, which need to phase out 85% of their HFC production and consumption by 2036 based\u00a0on 2011-2013 levels.\u00a0One group of developing countries\u00a0that is the biggest producer of HFCs, and which includes China,\u00a0must\u00a0reduce usage 80% by 2040 based on 2020-22 levels. The other group of developing countries, which includes India, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq and a few other oil economies such as\u00a0Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, have until 2047 to make an\u00a085% reduction in HFC use compared to levels in the period 2026-28.<\/p>\n

David Doniger, director of the Climate and Clean Air Programme at the Washington-based Natural Resources Defence Council\u00a0said:\u00a0“This is the biggest step we can take in the year after the Paris Agreement against the widening threats from climate change. And bringing HFCs under the Montreal Protocol sends a clear signal to the global marketplace to start replacing these dangerous chemicals with a new generation of climate-friendly and energy-efficient alternatives.”<\/p>\n

India-US quibble<\/strong><\/p>\n

For most of the week, discussions at the conference centred around whether to let India, and some other countries, have more time to initiate action on HFCs. Agreement was reached following a final night of\u00a0quibbling between India and the United States over several provisions in the draft. India\u00a0insisted on a later baseline period of 2024-26 rather than 2020-22, which\u00a0China and many others had agreed to. It was only after US secretary of state\u00a0John Kerry had two rounds of talks with Indian environment minister Anil Madhav Dave on Friday that the US agreed to a proposal, which\u00a0resulted in two different phase-out schedules for\u00a0developing countries. Earlier in the week\u00a0India had unilaterally announced it would eliminate the super GHG called HFC-23 immediately.<\/p>\n

The Kigali Amendment comes just three weeks ahead of the next round of climate talks at Marrakech in Morocco\u00a0where countries will resume work on the Paris Agreement to make it operational. Earlier this month, the Paris Agreement received the required number of ratifications<\/a> and will enter\u00a0into effect on November 4. It will have the fastest entry into force of any major international agreement.<\/p>\n

\n
\n

The phase-out schedule<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/header>\n
\n

Developed countries<\/strong><\/p>\n

Baseline 2011-13: 10%\u00a0reduction by 2019; 40% reduction by 2024; 70%\u00a0reduction by 2029; 80%\u00a0reduction by 2034; 85% by 2036.<\/p>\n

Developing countries Group 1 <\/strong>(the biggest producers of HFCs, including China)<\/p>\n

Baseline\u00a02020-22:\u00a0Emissions peak by\u00a02024; 10%\u00a0reduction by 2029; 30% reduction by 2035; 50% reduction by 2040; 80% by 2045.<\/p>\n

Developing countries Group 2<\/strong>\u00a0(India, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Gulf Cooperation countries)<\/p>\n

Baseline\u00a02024-26:\u00a0Emissions peak by\u00a02028; 10% reduction by 2032; 20% reduction by 2037; 30% reduction by 2042; 85% by 2047.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The decision taken in Kigali to phase out HFCs can help\u00a0avoid a 0.5\u00b0C\u00a0rise in global temperatures by the end of the century, writes Amitabh Sinha<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2611,"featured_media":59027,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761,760],"tags":[513],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-34328","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","category-pollution","tag-carbon-emissions"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCoolants that warm earth on way out, finally | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The decision taken in Kigali to phase out HFCs can help\u00a0avoid a 0.5\u00b0C\u00a0rise in global temperatures by the end of the century, writes Amitabh Sinha\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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