{"id":34574,"date":"2017-01-25T14:00:00","date_gmt":"2017-01-25T14:00:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-23T14:27:51","modified_gmt":"2020-09-23T14:27:51","slug":"9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/","title":{"rendered":"Can China meet its 2017 air quality goals?"},"content":{"rendered":"

When China launched its five-year <\/span>Air Pollution Action Plan<\/a> in 2013 it was recognition that the country\u2019s smog problem needed to be brought under control. As the plan enters its final year, official data indicates that long term progress is being made to improve air quality overall. Yet the continued occurrence of major air pollution events shows that there\u2019s still a long way to go.<\/p>\n

Making progress<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

The concentration of fine particles is a key measure of air quality in China. Particles of 2.5 micrometres in diameter or smaller (PM2.5) are of particular concern because they can lodge in the lungs and brain, and enter the blood stream. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), an average annual concentration of 10 microgrammes per cubic metre (\u03bcg\/m3) or higher of PM2.5 is unsafe, with long term exposure to higher concentrations increasing the risk of early death<\/a>.<\/p>\n

China\u2019s targets state that three key city clusters \u2013 Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei in the north, and the Pearl and Yangtze deltas in the southeast \u2013 must lower PM2.5 levels by 25%, 15%, and 20%, respectively, by the end of 2017. In Beijing, specifically, the average annual concentration of PM2.5 must be 60 <\/span>\u03bcg\/m3 or less, compared to 89.5 \u03bcg\/m3 in 2013.<\/p>\n

Meeting the targets presents a significant challenge. In 2013, when 74 cities started publishing data on PM2.5 levels, <\/span>71 failed<\/a> to meet WHO\u2019s laxest \u201cinterim\u201d <\/a>target of an annual average of 35 \u03bcg\/m3. The government claims that air quality has improved since then. China\u2019s environmental protection minister Chen Jining said<\/a> at a press conference at the start of the year that air quality had improved 30% on 2013 in the three city clusters, indicating that some targets were being met early.<\/p>\n

This claim is backed up by an <\/span>evaluation of air quality management<\/a> by the China Clean Air Alliance, published in August 2016. It showed that a number of cities in the targeted clusters had hit 2017\u2019s target by the end of 2015, two years ahead of schedule. Data from China\u2019s Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) also showed that the number of cities achieving WHO\u2019s interim target in the first half of 2016 had risen from 4% in 2013, to almost 25%<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt looks like the targets can be met,\u201d said He Kebin, head of Tsinghua University\u2019s School of the Environment.<\/span><\/p>\n

While optimistic, Kebin is also quick to note that Beijing\u2019s target of 60 \u03bcg\/m3 will be difficult to meet. The average level in the city in 2016 was 73 \u03bcg\/m3, notwithstanding the recent seasonal spike that saw the level shoot up to over 1,000 \u03bcg\/m3 for a period in December.<\/p>\n

\n

Success will require repeating the previous two year\u2019s reduction rate in a single year; an almost impossible task<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Changes in PM2.5 levels in Beijing, 2013-2016<\/span><\/strong>
\n\"\"
\nData source: Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

A tough task for Beijing<\/strong><\/p>\n

Air pollution became a more salient political and environmental issue when the US Embassy<\/a> in Beijing began publishing its readings on social media in 2008. Prior to this, there was little awareness of PM2.5 levels. Although the capital does not have the worst air quality in the country, the issue does get more attention because it is home to the offices of media organisations and international bodies.<\/p>\n

Beijing has seen consistent drops in annual PM2.5 levels over the past three years, initially by just 4%, but more recently by as much as 10%. Levels of pollution in the capital are expected to be 66 <\/span>\u03bcg\/m3 in 2017, according to data from the Beijing Protection Bureau, some way off the target of 60 \u03bcg\/m3\u00a0(the national target applied to all cities).<\/p>\n

Despite the reductions in average levels of air pollution, major short term pollution events continue to happen, including one that triggered Beijing\u2019s first official \u201cred alert\u201d in December 2015, and another last December. On the first day of 2017, large areas of Beijing saw PM2.5 concentrations reach 500 <\/span>\u03bcg\/m3. This threshold triggers the toughest emergency measures, including banning polluting vehicles and closing highly polluting industry.<\/p>\n

Chen Jining remains hopeful that the targets can be met. He said that Beijing\u2019s economic structure has improved and the city is now in a better position, alongside Tianjin and Hebei, to take more direct action to tackle pollution.<\/span><\/p>\n

In July, the MEP and Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei governments jointly published a set of air pollution measures<\/a> to be taken in 2016 and 2017, which were an attempt at those more specific measures. These included the continued closure of small, unofficial industrial parks that are home to polluting factories on the outside of the cities; replacing coal stoves used by villagers; and reducing the number of polluting vehicles.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\nWinter arrives in Zhugeying, a village in the Beijing district of Daxing. The sign refers to a ban on the sale or bringing in of coal. There is a coal control point nearby, staffed by officials who visit local homes to check if they are burning coal. (Photo: Zhang Chun)<\/span><\/p>\n

Beyond the action plan<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ensuring continued reductions in air pollution from 2018 onwards will require closer attention to reducing source emissions. Catherine Witherspoon, former head of California\u2019s Air Resources Board, has compared China\u2019s current approach with that of California\u2019s long term plans of several decades earlier, and finds that China is still leaning on \u201cemergency\u201d measures.<\/p>\n

This is apparent in the frequent use of \u201cgovernment orders\u201d, which are short term interventions to curb emissions. For example, polluting industries in Hebei, which supplies one eighth of the world\u2019s steel, were ordered to shut down for 45 days in November.<\/p>\n

According to a 2013 report<\/a> by the Chinese Academy of Engineering, emergency measures taken during red alerts account for about 20% of the improvement in Beijing\u2019s PM2.5 levels.<\/p>\n

\u201cBut you can\u2019t close them forever,\u201d says Witherspoon. While she believes that China can hit its 2017 air pollution targets, she holds that five years is too short a timeframe to bring about a stable industrial and energy transition or sustainable social development. She advocates a more targeted approach centred on technology upgrades.<\/span><\/p>\n

Emergency shutdowns exact a social cost, too. Elaine Chang, former head of California\u2019s South Coast Air Quality Management District said at the Blue Tech Awards<\/a> that the key to success in dealing with air pollution is a patient approach that takes account of the social costs resulting from wages falling and lost industrial jobs, which must be limited as far as possible.<\/p>\n

He Kebin expects that China will meet the WHO interim target faster than the US did, which took 50 years. But despite the rapid progress, it will still take a decade or more to catch up, he says.<\/p>\n

Also see:<\/strong> China releases 2020 action plan for air pollution\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n

\n
\n

China\u2019s 2017 air pollution targets<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/header>\n
\n
    \n
  • \n

    Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei must reduce the annual average PM2.5 concentration by 25%<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    The Pearl and Yangtze Deltas must reduce the annual average <\/span>PM2.5 concentration separately\u00a0by 15% and 20%<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Beijing must reduce PM2.5 levels to 60 <\/span>\u03bcg\/m3 (from 89.5 \u03bcg\/m3 in 2013)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    The concentration of\u00a0PM10\u00a0must fall by 10% or more in all cities<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Cities must have \u201cgood air quality\u201d day readings for 80% of the year by 2021<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    China is tackling its air pollution problem but major changes will be needed if it\u2019s to see long term progress, writes Zhang Chun<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1281,"featured_media":59307,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[760],"tags":[],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-34574","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pollution"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCan China meet its 2017 air quality goals? | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"China is tackling its air pollution problem but major changes will be needed if it\u2019s to see long term progress, writes Zhang Chun\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Can China meet its 2017 air quality goals?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"China is tackling its air pollution problem but major changes will be needed if it\u2019s to see long term progress, writes Zhang Chun\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Dialogue Earth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-01-25T14:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-09-23T14:27:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/air_pollution_24_jan1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1344\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1008\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Chun Zhang\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Chun Zhang\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/0e886366e2cc2ac25bd72c8926e12ae2\"},\"headline\":\"Can China meet its 2017 air quality goals?\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-01-25T14:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-09-23T14:27:51+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/\"},\"wordCount\":1169,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/air_pollution_24_jan1.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Pollution\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/\",\"name\":\"Can China meet its 2017 air quality goals? | Dialogue Earth\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/air_pollution_24_jan1.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-01-25T14:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-09-23T14:27:51+00:00\",\"description\":\"China is tackling its air pollution problem but major changes will be needed if it\u2019s to see long term progress, writes Zhang Chun\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/air_pollution_24_jan1.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/air_pollution_24_jan1.jpg\",\"width\":1344,\"height\":1008,\"caption\":\"air pollution in China 2017\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Can China meet its 2017 air quality goals?\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/\",\"name\":\"Dialogue Earth\",\"description\":\"Global climate and environment news\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#organization\",\"name\":\"\u5bf9\u8bdd\u5730\u7403\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Dialogue-Earth-Symbol-Logo_Black-Text.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Dialogue-Earth-Symbol-Logo_Black-Text.png\",\"width\":256,\"height\":256,\"caption\":\"\u5bf9\u8bdd\u5730\u7403\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/DialogueEarth_\",\"\",\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/DialogueEarth.English\",\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/dialogue.earth\/\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/dialogueearth\/\"],\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/about\/\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/0e886366e2cc2ac25bd72c8926e12ae2\",\"name\":\"Chun Zhang\",\"description\":\"Zhang Chun is a senior researcher at China Dialogue.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/author\/zhangchun\/\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/author\/zhangchun\/\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Can China meet its 2017 air quality goals? | Dialogue Earth","description":"China is tackling its air pollution problem but major changes will be needed if it\u2019s to see long term progress, writes Zhang Chun","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Can China meet its 2017 air quality goals?","og_description":"China is tackling its air pollution problem but major changes will be needed if it\u2019s to see long term progress, writes Zhang Chun","og_url":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/","og_site_name":"Dialogue Earth","article_published_time":"2017-01-25T14:00:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2020-09-23T14:27:51+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1344,"height":1008,"url":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/air_pollution_24_jan1.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Chun Zhang","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/"},"author":{"name":"Chun Zhang","@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/0e886366e2cc2ac25bd72c8926e12ae2"},"headline":"Can China meet its 2017 air quality goals?","datePublished":"2017-01-25T14:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2020-09-23T14:27:51+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/"},"wordCount":1169,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/air_pollution_24_jan1.jpg","articleSection":["Pollution"],"inLanguage":"en"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/","url":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/","name":"Can China meet its 2017 air quality goals? | Dialogue Earth","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/air_pollution_24_jan1.jpg","datePublished":"2017-01-25T14:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2020-09-23T14:27:51+00:00","description":"China is tackling its air pollution problem but major changes will be needed if it\u2019s to see long term progress, writes Zhang Chun","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en","@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/air_pollution_24_jan1.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/air_pollution_24_jan1.jpg","width":1344,"height":1008,"caption":"air pollution in China 2017"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9574-can-china-meet-its-2-17-air-quality-goals\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Can China meet its 2017 air quality goals?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/","name":"Dialogue Earth","description":"Global climate and environment news","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#organization","name":"\u5bf9\u8bdd\u5730\u7403","url":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en","@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Dialogue-Earth-Symbol-Logo_Black-Text.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Dialogue-Earth-Symbol-Logo_Black-Text.png","width":256,"height":256,"caption":"\u5bf9\u8bdd\u5730\u7403"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/twitter.com\/DialogueEarth_","","https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/DialogueEarth.English","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/dialogue.earth\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/dialogueearth\/"],"publishingPrinciples":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/about\/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/0e886366e2cc2ac25bd72c8926e12ae2","name":"Chun Zhang","description":"Zhang Chun is a senior researcher at China Dialogue.","url":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/author\/zhangchun\/","sameAs":["https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/author\/zhangchun\/"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34574","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1281"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34574"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34574\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/59307"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34574"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34574"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34574"},{"taxonomy":"hashtags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/hashtags?post=34574"},{"taxonomy":"country","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/country?post=34574"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}