{"id":34589,"date":"2017-01-30T10:37:00","date_gmt":"2017-01-30T10:37:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-23T14:06:34","modified_gmt":"2020-09-23T14:06:34","slug":"9589-marooned-zhejiang-villagers-fight-flood-damage-others-leave","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/9589-marooned-zhejiang-villagers-fight-flood-damage-others-leave\/","title":{"rendered":"Marooned Zhejiang villagers fight flood damage, others leave"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cMy granddad loves his home, I never thought I\u2019d see him so happy to move,\u201d says Maomao (who prefers not to give her real name). Her family lives outside the Zhejiang city of Wenzhou in south-east China. Last year brought with it some huge changes for the family.<\/span><\/p>\n

At the end of 2016, Maomao returned from studying overseas to help her grandparents move from Mabu town, where the family had lived for decades. The family felt compelled to move following a typhoon in autumn that transformed the area into a huge expanse of water.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere was just no way we could keep living there,\u201d says Maomao.<\/p>\n

In September, Typhoon Megi, China\u2019s 17<\/span>th of the year, made landfall in southern Fujian, shattering historical rainfall records across Wenzhou. Water levels in the towns of Mabu and Shuitou reached 9.8 metres and 11.38 metres, respectively, setting new highs.
\u200b
Pingyang county is used to flooding but this time the damage was so extreme that some residents decided they had had enough. Others had no choice but to stay in their waterlogged homes, despite the ongoing threat of severe flooding in future.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rising waters<\/h2>\n

Maomao\u2019s grandparents don\u2019t remember much about how they coped with the worst 48 hours of the typhoon. On the morning of September 28 the rain just poured down, \u201calmost by the bucket,\u201d to the point where water levels in Mabu started to rise.  <\/p>\n

Maomao\u2019s 84-year-old grandmother did what the locals always do when this happens. With difficultly she moved the refrigerator and gas cylinder up to the second floor along with all the electrical appliances.<\/p>\n

People in Shuitou and Mabu are so used to flooding they refer to it as their homes becoming \u201cfull\u201d. Maomao remembers typhoon season as a happy part of her childhood. The grown-ups enjoyed games of mah-jong upstairs while the children would play in the flooded streets.<\/p>\n

\u201cBack then it would only get \u2018full\u2019 up to your legs, so you just had to shift everything upstairs and it was fine,\u201d says Maomao.<\/p>\n

But this time was different. At about 5pm on the 28th the water level started to rise rapidly. \u201cIt rose another step about every five minutes.\u201d<\/p>\n

There wasn\u2019t time to shift much of the furniture, which had to be abandoned. The water and power supplies were cut and the mobile phone signal faded in and out. The elderly couple spent two days and nights marooned on their own little \u201cisland\u201d.<\/p>\n

They weren\u2019t the only ones. For two days, Mabu was a huge expanse of water, its residents taking refuge in any building with two or more storeys. Neighbours could see each other across the floodwaters but were unable reach each other.<\/p>\n

Only after three days did the waters recede, leaving behind floors and streets caked in a foot or more of mud. \u201cYou\u2019d step in with your rubber boots and not be able to get them out again,\u201d says Maomao<\/p>\n

Some people purchased fire hoses to pump water from the river to wash the mud away. Liu Fang (who chose not to give her real name) runs a clothing store and lost well over 100,000 yuan (US$14,500) of stock in the floods.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019d put everything up high, high enough a usual flood wouldn\u2019t have got near it, but I didn\u2019t know it was going to be this bad!\u201d Appliances including a refrigerator and washing machine were unrepairable. She plans to close up shop and move away before the next typhoon season.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe get flooded every year and the waters are getting higher and higher. There is no end to it!\u201d she complained.<\/p>\n

Much of the waste disposed of during the clean-up still remains uncollected in the streets.<\/p>\n

Overall, the typhoon affected over 300,000 people in the county, caused more than 90 roads to collapse, and damaged 116,175 mu (78 square kilometres) of crops. Total losses were one billion yuan (US$150 million).<\/p>\n

\"\"
Damage from Typhoon Megi is still evident months after the floodwaters subsided (Image: He Linlin)<\/span><\/p>\n

Unpredictable weather<\/h2>\n

\u201cThis year was really strange,\u201d says Liu Feng, deputy head of the county\u2019s meteorological bureau. \u201cIn a normal year a typhoon making landfall in southern Fujian wouldn\u2019t have much impact here due to the distance. We hadn\u2019t expected such a huge and concentrated downpour.\u201d<\/p>\n

Normally the high water mark from flooding is less than one metre high. Now it\u2019s the height of a single storey building.<\/p>\n

Over the last decade the hardware store run by Liu Nan (not his real name) has moved four times, always to higher ground. \u201cWe can\u2019t let our metal goods get wet, so we have to move them higher up,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

His store now sits at the highest point in the township. \u201cPrevious floods wouldn\u2019t have got this far,\u201d he says. But this year the floodwaters were high enough to flood his shop, too.<\/p>\n

Li Qiwu, a local housing official, blames the flooding on the county\u2019s location and the frequent and intense precipitation from extreme weather events. As for the cause of the freak downpours, experts agree that climate change is a major driver.<\/p>\n

Zhang Jianyun, head of the Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute and a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, says global warming is accelerating the water cycle, increasing evaporation from oceans and causing the atmosphere to become moister.<\/p>\n

Liu Feng explains that moist, warm air is less stable and so more likely to give rise to downpours. More moisture also means heavier rainfall.<\/p>\n

Another factor is the very strong El Ni\u00f1o effect<\/a>, which lasted from 2014 to May 2016. \u201cThe unusual typhoon activity of the latter half of 2016 were consequences of the El Ni\u00f1o effect still playing out,\u201d says Liu Feng.<\/p>\n

The first half of 2016 saw record-breaking high temperatures around the world. \u201cDecades-long climate trends are reaching new climaxes, fuelled by the strong 2015 and 2016 El Ni\u00f1o patterns,\u201d said Petteri Taalas, secretary general of the World Meteorological Organization.<\/span><\/p>\n

A vulnerable town<\/h2>\n

Residents in towns such as Shuitou are already accustomed to regular flooding. Most buildings have a first floor that is three to four metres high, with an upper floor, too. \u201cThat\u2019s our special way of doing things here, if the floods get too high you can wait it out on the upper floor,\u201d explains Liu Fang.<\/p>\n

Kitchens are almost never placed on the ground floor either. \u201cIn a flood the things you can\u2019t move, like the extractor hood and the oven, get soaked,\u201d adds Liu Fang.<\/p>\n

Although buildings have long been adapted to small scale flood events, land use planning needs to catch up.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere have been more downpours and extreme weather events these past years, and it\u2019s no longer appropriate to just keep expanding the town,\u201d says Li Qiwu, the local building official.<\/p>\n

Liu Jidong, head of the water management authorities for the county, admits that flood prevention measures are weak. Although towns such as Shuitou and Mabu can cope with average floods, they are unprepared for 1-in-20 year events where rainfall is higher than average. \u201cThere\u2019s been too little investment. It\u2019s a historical problem,\u201d he explains.<\/p>\n

The waterways between Shuitou and the River Ao have low embankments or none at all and often flood if rainfall is above average.<\/p>\n

In places like Shuitou and Mabu, poor land use management has left the landscape less resilient to flooding. Waterways have been filled in to provide land for buildings, leaving less drainage for floodwaters.  <\/p>\n

The leather industry is an important part of Shuitou\u2019s economy but many factories have been built in the flood zone. Areas of land that were not supposed to be developed so that floodwaters could disperse have shrunk by 2.1 square kilometres. These are now home to residential and factory buildings.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s not even a decent river left. It\u2019s all been filled in,\u201d says Feng Li, head of the Pingyang flood prevention office. \u201cThey even built a middle school on the embankment.\u201d<\/p>\n

Xie Zuoxing, a local government official responsible for enforcing planning regulations, says that flooding wasn\u2019t such an issue in the past. \u201cAs it wasn\u2019t a problem, nobody was worried about solving it. The county bosses aren\u2019t willing to spend money on something that is not a problem yet. Urban development has been much more focused on stimulating the economy.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
Local governments must factor climate change risks into local planning (Image: He Linlin)<\/span><\/p>\n

Planning for climate change<\/h2>\n

Since the 1990s, extreme weather events<\/a> have cost China 200 billion yuan (US$30 billion) a year on average.<\/p>\n

Zou Tao, head of the Ecological City Institute at Tsinghua University, says that <\/span>urban planning<\/a> needs to account for the greater frequency of extreme weather events and be able to cope with catastrophic \u201clow probability events.\u201d<\/p>\n

In recent years, a number of high-level plans and strategies have been released to guide action on the problem. The Action Plan for Urban Adaptation to Climate Change, an agreement published in early 2016 by China\u2019s National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, calls on China\u2019s cities to improve adaptation to climate through improved urban planning and better use of data.<\/span><\/p>\n

In August 2016 the NDRC and the Ministry of Housing announced trials of climate-adapted urban construction in which 30 Chinese cities will participate.<\/p>\n

China\u2019s 12th Five-Year Plan<\/a> also called for better adaptation planning. In November 2013, nine bodies, including the NDRC, ministries of Finance and Housing, and the Chinese Meteorology Administration, published the State Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.<\/p>\n

An official with the NRDC\u2019s climate change department, who contributed to the strategy, said that adaptation planning requires a systemic approach: \u201cIt needs to be considered in accordance with a range of fields; air and water policy, for example, involve adaptation.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

This requires cross-departmental cooperation and effective action across all levels of government.<\/p>\n

As an example, Liu Feng points to the method for assessing climate risk for major urban projects published by the China Meteorology Administration in 2009.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt was difficult to implement it at the local level because the order to use it was distributed among the meteorology authorities. As a county level bureau we can make suggestions and requests but we can\u2019t force other departments to cooperate.\u201d<\/p>\n

When Liu Feng\u2019s bureau suggested carrying out a climate risk assessment for a local wind farm in 2016, a large project that was important for electricity provision, there was no response.<\/p>\n

Shao Yisheng, deputy head of the China Academy of Urban Planning and Design, says that climate change should be given greater weight in planning processes. As of 2015, the urban population accounted for 56.1% of China\u2019s total population, or 770 million people.<\/p>\n

He says that preparing Chinese cities for climate change impacts will require research into climate-change ready technical standards, better management systems, and more capability to adapt to and cope with extreme weather events.  <\/p>\n

In Pingyang, the need to mitigate climate change by reducing carbon emissions is discussed but the conversation on climate change adaptation remains unfamiliar for most government departments.<\/p>\n

According to a local official in Pingyang, county leaders said in meetings after Typhoon Megi that they wanted to see flood prevention measures to cope with 1-in-50 year floods, much to the discomfort of the officials responsible. But Megi has shown that the risk of extreme weather events cannot be ignored.<\/p>\n

Facing the prospect of similar floods in future, Maomao and her family have opted to leave the place they\u2019ve lived for decades. But many people are staying. While local government must take the lead in adapting to climate change, this is also a process of raising awareness throughout society. In the words of the NDRC official, \u201cthe public\u2019s attitude is also very important.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n

Editor\u2019s Note:<\/strong> This is the fourth part of our investigative series into adaptation projects in China. Explore the rest of the series here<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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