{"id":34611,"date":"2017-02-15T10:53:00","date_gmt":"2017-02-15T10:53:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-07-15T15:57:02","modified_gmt":"2020-07-15T15:57:02","slug":"9611-southeast-asia-is-in-the-grip-of-a-biodiversity-crisis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/9611-southeast-asia-is-in-the-grip-of-a-biodiversity-crisis\/","title":{"rendered":"Southeast Asia is in the grip of a biodiversity crisis"},"content":{"rendered":"

Rich in wildlife, Southeast Asia includes at least six of the world\u2019s 25 \u201c<\/span>biodiversity hotspots<\/a>\u201d \u2013 the areas of the world that contain an exceptional concentration of species, and are exceptionally endangered. The region contains 20% of the\u00a0planet\u2019s vertebrate and plant species<\/a>\u00a0and the world\u2019s third-largest tropical forest.<\/p>\n

In addition to this existing biodiversity, the region has an\u00a0<\/span>extraordinary rate of species discovery<\/a>, with more than\u00a02,216 new species described<\/a>\u00a0between 1997 and 2014 alone.<\/p>\n

Global comparisons are difficult but it seems the Mekong region has a higher rate of species discovery than other parts of the tropics, with hundreds of new species\u00a0<\/span>described annually<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Habitat loss<\/span><\/h2>\n

Southeast Asia\u2019s biodiversity is under serious threat; some parts of the region are\u00a0projected to lose up to 98%<\/a>\u00a0of their remaining forests in the next nine years. It\u2019s also thought to be the world\u2019s most\u00a0threatened region for mammals<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Sadly, the region\u2019s fragile biodiversity is frequently forgotten by the global media. It also suffers lower publishing rates than other tropical regions for\u00a0<\/span>ecology and biodiversity research<\/a>. It\u2019s perhaps no surprise, then, that Southeast Asia has some of the highest rates of deforestation on the planet, having lost\u00a014.5% of forests in the last 15 years<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Some areas, such as Philippines, have lost up to\u00a0<\/span>89% of their original forest cover<\/a>. This loss is rendered especially stark using recent advances in satellite imagery, such as\u00a0Google Earth timelapse<\/a>, which shows that many regions have been transformed from pristine forest to agriculture within the last decade or two.<\/p>\n

Forest loss is one of the major drivers of species loss in the region, and pulp-paper, rubber and oil palm production are the main drivers of forest clearance. Southeast Asia exports\u00a0<\/span>86% of the world\u2019s palm oil<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a087% of the world\u2019s natural rubber<\/a>. The areas where these grow are\u00a0projected to expand<\/a>\u00a0by over 4.3 to 8.5 million hectares to meet demand by 2024.<\/p>\n

Most new plantations come directly from rainforest clearance, and companies investing in Southeast Asia are\u00a0<\/span>ranked as the least sustainable globally<\/a>. The recently created\u00a0Forest & Finance initiative<\/a>\u00a0has reported that investment in \u201chigh deforestation risk\u201d sectors in Southeast Asia was more than\u00a0US$38.76 billion between 2010 and 2015<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"https:\/\/62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com\/files\/151688\/width754\/image-20170104-18656-zk6l2u.jpg\"<\/span>
\nPalm oil production in Kalimantan, Indonesia. (Image by Daniel Beltr\u00e1 \/ Greenpeace<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n

Avoiding these products is practically impossible. At 61.1 million tonnes,\u00a0<\/span>palm oil was the most consumed oil globally<\/a>\u00a0in 2015, and this figure is rising. Certification aiming to prevent further deforestation and guarantee the sustainability of certified palm oil has also proven difficult, and failed to halt deforestation.<\/p>\n

The two initiatives for certification of sustainable palm-oil production and natural rubber \u2013 the\u00a0<\/span>Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil<\/a>\u00a0and \u201cgreen rubber initiatives<\/a>\u201d \u2013\u00a0have failed to fulfil their commitments<\/a>\u00a0to protect natural habitats.<\/p>\n

New plantations have continued to drive destruction of natural rainforests, and the species dependent upon these ecosystems for survival. In some cases, the initiatives have ended up using \u201c<\/span>perverse incentives<\/a>\u201d which actually encourage deforestation. These include subsidies that facilitate forest clearance by funding conversion of forest to crops, or free provision of rubber seeds to replace natural forests.<\/p>\n

Dams, wetlands and mining<\/span><\/h2>\n

Deforestation is not the only driver of habitat loss in the region; Southeast Asia also has\u00a0more dams planned than any other part of the planet<\/a>. Though often looked at as \u201cgreen power\u201d, dams lead to a loss of biodiversity and undermine rural economies through the loss of livelihoods.<\/p>\n

There are currently\u00a0<\/span>78 dams planned<\/a>\u00a0for the Mekong Delta. If built, they are projected to reduce the number of migratory fish by\u00a020% to 70% in the Mekong<\/a>, in addition to flooding essential habitats and causing\u00a0regional droughts<\/a>. The Mekong has the\u00a0highest freshwater diversity in the world<\/a>, and the potential extinction of so many species represents a global catastrophe.<\/p>\n

Fisheries on the Mekong<\/a><\/span>\u00a0are also projected to feed more than 65 million people. Declines in fish stocks will have direct implications for incomes and diets across the region.<\/p>\n

\"https:\/\/62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com\/files\/151795\/width754\/image-20170105-18650-1yfvryt.jpg\"<\/span>
\nFisheries on the Mekong are projected to feed more than 65 million people. (Image by\u00a0Anguskirk<\/a>)<\/p>\n

The drainage of Asia\u2019s wetlands presents a further set of dangers, particularly due to their importance to more than\u00a0<\/span>50 million migratory wading birds<\/a>\u00a0that depend on them for migration and breeding.<\/p>\n

Around 80% of Southeast Asian wetlands are\u00a0<\/span>threatened by conversion to agricultural land or development<\/a>\u00a0by drainage. Up to 45% of intertidal wetlands have already been lost. This has so far caused population reductions of up to\u00a079% in some wading species<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Mining is another often overlooked issue that poses a significant threat to biodiversity, especially to karsts (limestone outcrops and caves), which cover around\u00a0<\/span>800,000<\/a>\u00a0square kilometres of Southeast Asia. Each of these ecosystems are known to harbour more than ten\u00a0species not found anywhere else on the planet<\/a>.<\/p>\n

But most of these sites have never been surveyed, and up to\u00a0<\/span>90% of cave species<\/a>\u00a0in China are estimated to be scientifically undescribed.\u00a0Similar rates of unclassification<\/a>\u00a0are likely to exist for the rest of the region.<\/p>\n

These karst ecosystems are under serious threat. Cement comes directly from karst ecosystems, and between 2011 and 2013 alone, China used more cement (<\/span>6.6 gigatonnes<\/a>) than the US has in recorded history. China\u2019s approximate annual usage of\u00a01.5 tonnes<\/a>\u00a0per capita amounts to over\u00a060% of the global cement demand annually<\/a>.<\/p>\n

As karsts are under-represented in protected areas \u2013 and given the majority of karst-dwelling species are limited to a single site \u2013 there is no way of knowing how many species go extinct annually as a consequence.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hunting and trade<\/span><\/h2>\n

Another threat to the region\u2019s biodiversity is the\u00a0illegal wildlife trade<\/a>. Worth approximately\u00a0US$20 billion annually<\/a>, it\u2019s the fourth-biggest illegal trade in the world.<\/p>\n

In Southeast Asia, hunting represents the\u00a0<\/span>greatest threat to the future survival<\/a>\u00a0of many species, with few native mammals of over\u00a0two kilogrammes surviving outside protected areas<\/a>. Hunting\u00a0represents<\/a>\u00a0a threat to\u00a0all species<\/a>, with high-value species sought and traded by criminal cartels and smaller species traded for medicine, food or sport.<\/p>\n

Trade in wildlife in Asia can be grouped into three main types: for\u00a0<\/span>medicinal purposes<\/a>, for status (either in\u00a0wildlife restaurants or as ornaments<\/a>) or for the pet, zoo and aquarium trades (principally\u00a0birds<\/a>,\u00a0reptiles and amphibians<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Traditional medicine<\/a><\/span>\u00a0in Vietnam and China represents a threat to a huge array of species, but most notably the\u00a0pangolin<\/a>, which is the most trafficked animal on the planet. Sadly, the use of endangered species in medicine shows\u00a0little sign of abating<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"https:\/\/62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com\/files\/151685\/width754\/image-20170104-18659-wchj80.jpg\"<\/span>
\nPangolins are the most trafficked animal on the planet. (Image by\u00a0Wildlife Alliance<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n

Whereas celebrities have campaigned for species that are targeted for status and ornamentation, such as\u00a0<\/span>elephant ivory<\/a>, many other animals and\u00a0plants<\/a>\u00a0have failed to get the attention needed to prevent over-exploitation. And a number are now facing extinction.<\/p>\n

The pet and zoo trade in wildlife, especially for\u00a0<\/span>reptiles, amphibians<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0birds<\/a>, have recently received attention, as many species formerly thought to be captive-bred are now known to be wild-caught. They have suffered serious population declines as a result of exploitation for trade.<\/p>\n

The unique biodiversity of Southeast Asia is under threat because of some of the world\u2019s highest rates of habitat loss, as well as direct over-exploitation of species. Even when forests remain intact, they are being steadily\u00a0<\/span>emptied of their biodiversity<\/a>\u00a0through hunting.<\/p>\n

Though dedicated researchers and conservationists are working to prevent these issues, Southeast Asia will see the extinction of many endemic species in the coming decades. The question of how many will remain depends on the success of conservation and sustainability interventions.<\/span><\/p>\n

This article was originally published in The Conversation<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Even as more species are found, biodiversity in Southeast Asia is under serious threat, writes Alice Catherine Hughes<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2707,"featured_media":59343,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[764],"tags":[511,531,576,610],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-34611","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nature","tag-biodiversity","tag-deforestation","tag-palm-oil","tag-wildlife"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSoutheast Asia is in the grip of a biodiversity crisis | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Even as more species are found, biodiversity in Southeast Asia is under serious threat, writes Alice Catherine Hughes\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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