{"id":34849,"date":"2017-06-15T11:00:00","date_gmt":"2017-06-15T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-11-11T10:31:57","modified_gmt":"2020-11-11T10:31:57","slug":"9849-eia-china-s-tiger-farms-are-a-threat-to-the-species","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/9849-eia-china-s-tiger-farms-are-a-threat-to-the-species\/","title":{"rendered":"EIA: China\u2019s tiger farms are a threat to the species"},"content":{"rendered":"

In a thickly forested mountain valley in north-east China in 1986, eight tigers emerged from transport containers to find themselves in new and unfamiliar territory. Born in American zoos, these tigers had recently been shipped to China on the understanding that they would form the basis of a new captive breeding programme, to benefit the conservation of the species.<\/span><\/p>\n

Instead, they were to become the founding population of China\u2019s first commercial tiger farm. They had been brought together by the Ministry of Forestry at a fur farm in Heilongjiang\u00a0province to establish the Hengdaohezi Breeding Centre, founded as a government-funded operation to breed tigers for profit and\u00a0supply bones for medicinal use. It has since been implicated in trade in tiger products, and also functions as a tourist attraction. The move marked the beginning of a cruel chapter in the history of their species, which was to have a devastating impact on tigers across the world.<\/p>\n

The growth of China\u2019s tiger farms<\/strong><\/p>\n

By the 1980s, after decades of systematic persecution, wild tigers were almost extinct in China. This also caused a decline in the supply of wild tiger body parts within China for use in traditional medicines. As continued demand in China fuelled a poaching epidemic across other tiger range countries, government and private profiteers seized upon a business opportunity: large-scale breeding of tigers in captive facilities to supply body parts to the traditional medicine industry. From the outset, the tigers in China\u2019s tiger farms were commodities, to be slaughtered and sold off for profit.<\/p>\n

Fast-forward three decades. There are now 5,000-6,000 tigers kept in more than 200 facilities<\/a> across China. Among these are large scale farming operations, including the Harbin Siberian Tiger Park, and Xiongsen Bear and Tiger Mountain Village in Guangxi each of which now hold more than 1,000 tigers. Captive tigers are also kept in smaller facilities across the country, from “zoos” and circuses to backyard enclosures.<\/p>\n

Many of these tigers are kept in horrific conditions, in cramped concrete enclosures without any kind of mental stimulation. Many captive tigers exhibit symptoms of severe mental and physical distress, and genetic deformities suggest serious in-breeding. Recent footage from Chinese zoos\u00a0and other facilities has revealed <\/span>emaciated, starving tigers<\/a>; obviously sick tigers<\/a> in tiny, squalid enclosures; and the use of cruel restraining techniques<\/a> to allow paying customers to pose for photos sat atop a tiger.<\/p>\n

China\u2019s missing tigers<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

There are fewer than 4,000 wild tigers left on Earth \u2013 a decline of 96% since the start of the 20<\/span>th century. The main reason for this decline is poaching to feed Chinese demand for their skins, bones and other body parts.<\/p>\n

As the number of captive tigers in China has skyrocketed, wild populations have been in freefall. The tiger of Chinese literature and legend, that once prowled the hills and valleys at the heart of the country, has never recovered from the slaughter of the <\/span>20<\/span>th century when wild tigers\u00a0almost entirely disappeared from China. A tiny population clings on in the remote north-east of the country, along the Russian border, with numbers ranging from\u00a0seven to 27 animals<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Elsewhere in Asia, tigers have followed a similar trajectory. Populations in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia are now functionally extinct, with no evidence of breeding. While tiger populations are stable or increasing in some other countries, such as India, the poaching of wild tigers to feed Chinese demand for their body parts continues at an\u00a0<\/span>alarming rate<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Clearly, an explosion in the number of captive tigers has done nothing to stop the killing of wild tigers. Instead, the tiger farming industry has sustained and stimulated demand for tiger parts, driving devastating poaching of wild tigers, which are preferred among consumers of bone, and hastening their march to extinction.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tiger farming is not conservation<\/strong><\/p>\n

China\u2019s tiger farms make frequent appearances on social media and in the news. Just this month, the announcement of tiger births at Hengdaohezi Breeding Centre was widely shared, accompanied by beguiling images of the young animals.<\/p>\n

Often included in these articles are claims from staff at the facilities\u00a0that the tigers are part of a conservation breeding scheme, with the aim of releasing tigers into the wild. In truth, the animals held in these places are treated as commodities, kept for the sole purpose of making money. Not one tiger bred in a tiger farm has ever been released into the wild.<\/p>\n

At many facilities in China, visitors can pay to get close to tigers\u00a0by taking bus “safaris” through enclosures\u00a0or posing for selfies with tiger cubs or sedated adults. Videos from Harbin Tiger Park show tigers living in unnatural “herds”. Visitors can pay to feed the animals\u00a0and can witness live animals being killed and devoured by as many as 20 tigers at once<\/a>. There is nothing natural about such behaviour.<\/p>\n

Wild tigers are solitary creatures that depend on their hunting skills to survive. While these captive tigers may share the inherent ability to kill as their wild brethren, they have not learned the skills of what to kill. Tigers that have been raised in these environments will kill whatever is quickest and easiest upon release, be that livestock or people. Growing up around people, they lose their fear of humans. They would pose a serious danger to local communities if released, and would be condemned to a life of persecution.<\/span><\/p>\n

The conditions under which tigers are raised in these facilities are completely different from the conditions under which orphaned wild tigers have been prepared for successful releases in India and Russia.<\/p>\n

A huge number of tiger carcasses are kept in freezers at large-scale facilities including Harbin Siberian Tiger Park, where 200 carcasses were reported to be kept in a freezer<\/a> in 2010. Stockpiling of tiger carcasses and body parts in freezers is a clear indication that these stocks are being kept for trade in the future.<\/p>\n

Trade in captive tiger body parts<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Many facilities that keep captive tigers in China have been exposed trading products made from tiger parts. The Harbin Siberian Tiger Park and Xiongsen Bear and Tiger Village have both been documented on multiple occasions trading “wine” made by soaking tiger bones in alcohol. Production and trade of this “tiger bone wine” has also been documented at various “zoos” around the country.<\/p>\n

The Chinese government is apparently complicit in perpetuating<\/a>\u00a0the tiger trade. Despite a 1993 directive, which prohibits all trade in tiger bone and its use in medicine, tiger bone wine appears to be produced and marketed with express government authorisation under a 2005 Notification. In 2013, the Environmental Investigation Agency<\/a> reported on the commercial sale of luxury rugs made from the skins of captive-bred tigers, which were being offered for sale with permits issued by the State Forestry Administration. The skins are being sold under an official \u201clabelling\u201d system which permits legal trade in products made from protected species.<\/p>\n

A parallel legal trade in products made using captive tiger body parts raises serious concerns about the impact of such trade on wild tigers.<\/span><\/p>\n

Multiple real-world examples have shown that in practice, legal trade in threatened species does not take pressure off wild populations. Conversely, legal trade stimulates demand by legitimising the product in the eye of the consumer; complicates law enforcement as products from wild and captive animals are often indistinguishable; and presents opportunities for traders to launder illegal items from poached animals into the legal trade.<\/p>\n

China\u2019s legal ivory trade is a perfect example emphasising these concerns: the launch of a legal, permit-based ivory trade in 2004 stimulated demand for ivory, triggering a huge escalation of elephant poaching<\/a> in Africa and widespread abuse of the permit system. The legal trade created a system that enabled the laundering of poached ivory.<\/p>\n

The weak control systems and the deliberate inflation of market prices to ensure profit for the limited number of authorised dealers created a market that was undercut by cheaper illegally sourced ivory. At one point up to 90% of the ivory on the market was illegal. The government of China recognised the role the legal trade system and demand was having on wild elephant populations, and committed to phasing out its legal ivory trade by the end of 2017.<\/span><\/p>\n

The permit system used in legal trade of tiger products is also wide open to abuse. During an investigation in 2012, a tiger skin trader offered EIA investigators a discount if they purchased a skin without the accompanying permit, suggesting that the permit could be fraudulently re-used for other, illegally sourced skins. This could be pulled off easily, as the image on the permit was too small to accurately identify the skin it related to.<\/p>\n

Enabling trade in captive-bred wildlife also risks creating a parallel market for wild-sourced products, which may be seen as more desirable and effective. In a survey of residents of six major Chinese cities in 2008, a majority of people believed that parts and products from wild tigers are more effective and more desirable than those from farmed tigers.<\/p>\n

Recent years have witnessed the emergence of tiger farming across Southeast Asia. Hundreds of captive tigers are now held in commercial breeding facilities in Thailand, Lao PDR and Vietnam. As tiger farming and trade in captive tigers has proliferated in China and Southeast Asia, so too has illegal trade.<\/p>\n

2016 saw more tigers poached in India than any year since 2001. The world\u2019s last remaining wild tiger populations are paying the ultimate price to feed demand that is stimulated by Chinese policy. They simply cannot withstand this level of killing.<\/p>\n

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A<\/span> timeline of tiger farming in China <\/span><\/h2>\n<\/header>\n
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