{"id":34958,"date":"2017-07-31T16:09:00","date_gmt":"2017-07-31T16:09:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-06-19T10:25:18","modified_gmt":"2020-06-19T10:25:18","slug":"9958-fire-and-ice-unlikely-cooperation-between-iceland-and-china","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/9958-fire-and-ice-unlikely-cooperation-between-iceland-and-china\/","title":{"rendered":"Fire and ice: unlikely cooperation between Iceland and China"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cAll of Reykjavik might be able to fit in that apartment block,\u201d remarks Einar Magnusson, the vice president of business development for Iceland-based Arctic Green Energy Corporation (AGEC), as he drives past miles and miles of Beijing\u2019s residential skyscrapers. Following Jiang Zemin\u2019s visit to Iceland in 2002 \u2013 the first-ever by a Chinese President \u2013 the two nations opened a new chapter in their partnership, which was originally founded upon shared strategic interests. China\u2019s interest in cleaner energy sources has led to a fruitful area of cooperation with Iceland, where geothermal plants generate 66% of the country\u2019s primary energy and provide nine in ten households with heat.<\/span><\/p>\n

In 2012, seeking to increase its Arctic presence, China signed a framework agreement with Iceland to support greater cooperation on geothermal energy, along with marine and polar science. Industry players in both countries \u2013 state-owned Sinopec in China and Iceland\u2019s AGEC \u2013 have moved quickly to jointly develop geothermal projects in 23 cities and counties in China. AGEC provides technical expertise, while Sinopec shares seismological data on subterranean resources in China and maintains the political and economic guanxi (relationships) necessary to drive the projects forward. Going forward, Magnusson said AGEC \u201cwill play an important role\u201d in heating Xiong\u2019an New Area, a planned new megacity southwest of Beijing.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Cooperation between AGEC and Sinopec offers the Icelandic company access to one of the largest energy markets in the world. Moreover, other aspects of the Iceland-China relationship continue to flourish. Since both countries signed a free trade agreement in 2015, they have engaged in a series of bilateral initiatives including a Joint China-Iceland Aurora Observatory. Additionally, Iceland has allowed China\u2019s National Offshore Oil Company to explore oil and gas resources in Iceland\u2019s territorial waters. While China gains expertise and an increased presence in the Arctic, Iceland gains an economically beneficial partnership and global role in energy disproportionate to its size.<\/p>\n

A wellspring of energy\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>and support<\/strong><\/p>\n

China has great potential for geothermal energy development, as it is home to an estimated one-sixth of the world\u2019s geothermal resources. But, as of 2015, the nation had only produced a mere 15% of Iceland\u2019s annual geothermal power output. Instead of Iceland\u2019s high-temperature geothermal veins, China\u2019s resources are largely low-temperature, falling below 300\u00b0F. This temperature range is better suited to direct-use applications, such as direct heating, rather than electricity generation. Only one high-temperature region has been discovered: the Himalayan geothermal zone, so China has only a handful of geothermal electricity plants, primarily supported by the Yangbajing Geothermal Field in Tibet. The greatest potential for Chinese geothermal progress is via low-temperature sources, primarily for the direct heating applications AGEC is pioneering.<\/p>\n

Today, geothermal energy is on the rise in China. In its 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development, the Communist Party of China\u2019s Central Committee identifies the development of geothermal resources is a priority, and sets a goal of 530 megawatts of geothermal energy capacity nationwide by 2020. The mere articulation of geothermal as a national priority carries weight. Sun Caixia, AGEC\u2019s chief technical officer, explained that companies like AGEC can explicitly reference the 13th Five-Year Plan to encourage county governments to adopt geothermal energy, despite the initial investment costs.<\/p>\n

A world without chimneys<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cThere are no chimneys here in Xiong county,\u201d declares Sun, with a hint of pride in her voice. \u201cWe are a smoke-free city.\u201d The county, which is located in Hebei\u00a0province, used to rely heavily on coal-fired plants. Today, 90% of the county\u2019s buildings are tapping geothermal heat from one of the 36 stations AGEC runs. The remaining buildings, she explains, use a combination of geothermal energy managed by other companies and traditional sources such as natural gas and coal.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

AGEC\u2019s systems in Xiong county are a model of direct-use heating technology in China. Five production pumps usher hot water from underground, through a maze of stainless steel pipes, and into thin tubes that run beneath 500,000 square metres of floor space. Three pumps reinject the water into the original wells to complete the circuit and elongate the lifetime of the resource. A purifier filters corrosive elements from the water as it is being pumped to prevent plumbing damage. The entire operation is akin to a human\u2019s vascular system: the heart pumps blood through arteries that split into thin capillaries, then that blood is filtered and returns to the heart in a closed circuit. Both the re-injection and anti-corrosion measures are technological improvements brought by the Sino-Icelandic partnership; neither existed in Xiong\u2019s primitive 1970s geothermal systems.<\/span><\/p>\n

The result is cheap heat. During China\u2019s government-sanctioned heating season, which stretches from November to February, customers in Xiong purchase geothermal heat at a cost on par with coal heating: the price of heating a standard apartment for the four cold months is just over $200.
\n\u200b
\nHebei often tops the list of\u00a0most polluted provinces<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

But Xiong county is not pollution-free. Hebei\u00a0province, which snakes around Beijing, is home to many of the coal-fired power plants and production centres that fuel the Chinese capital, and often tops the list of China\u2019s most polluted provinces. In December of 2016, the Air Quality Index (AQI) in Hebei province exceeded 1,000 microgrammes per cubic metre (far above the EPA\u2019s \u201cgood air quality\u201d goal of 50 microgrammes), causing the provincial government to set specific targets for reducing particulate matter and prioritising pollution mitigation in its work report. Geothermal energy can reduce reliance on coal, thereby creating better breathing conditions; and a geothermal produces six times less carbon dioxide than a natural gas-fired plant, thus providing better climate benefits.<\/p>\n

The future is geothermal<\/strong><\/p>\n

In January, China\u2019s National Energy Board stated that geothermal would replace 42 million tonnes of standard coal by 2020 \u2013 less than 2% of the more than four billion tonnes of coal China burns annually, but still a welcome outcome in Xiong and other places where skies will turn blue thanks to concentrated geothermal power. Both Magnusson and Sun anticipate the positive growth of the geothermal industry will continue, with more regions seeking geothermal technologies to heat residential buildings. With further national and local government support, geothermal energy would grow from a lesser known renewable to an indispensable clean energy source in China.<\/p>\n

\n

This blog was first published on New Security Beat<\/a>\u00a0and is used here with permission.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sinopec\u00a0and Iceland\u2019s AGEC have so far jointly developed geothermal projects in 23 cities and counties in China, reports\u00a0Cameron Hickert<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2851,"featured_media":59639,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[757],"tags":[585],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-34958","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energy","tag-renewables"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFire and ice: unlikely cooperation between Iceland and China | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Sinopec\u00a0and Iceland\u2019s AGEC have so far jointly developed geothermal projects in 23 cities and counties in China, reports\u00a0Cameron Hickert\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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