{"id":34983,"date":"2017-08-23T10:17:00","date_gmt":"2017-08-23T10:17:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-21T11:02:41","modified_gmt":"2020-09-21T11:02:41","slug":"9983-yunnan-chemical-factory-becomes-testing-ground-for-citizen-lawsuits","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/9983-yunnan-chemical-factory-becomes-testing-ground-for-citizen-lawsuits\/","title":{"rendered":"Yunnan chemical factory becomes testing ground for citizen lawsuits"},"content":{"rendered":"

Friends of Nature, a Beijing-based <\/span>non-governmental organisation\u00a0(NGO), filed two landmark cases against a local Environmental Protection Bureau in Yunnan this year that have revealed the current limits of one of the most hopeful provisions in China\u2019s recently-amended Environmental Protection Law.<\/p>\n

The first major amendments to China\u2019s Environmental Protection Law (EPL) in 25 years permitted NGOs\u00a0to bring environmental public interest lawsuits, or \u201ccitizen suits\u201d for the first time, and took effect on January 1, 2015.<\/p>\n

It was a watershed moment in the development of China\u2019s environmental governance system. The new law empowered NGOs to file public interest lawsuits against polluting enterprises. Previously, NGOs were limited to seeking monetary damages for\u00a0personal injury to individuals in environmental cases.<\/span><\/p>\n

But it remained unclear what would happen if an NGO brought a case against a government entity. Specifically, would it be able to bring a case against the conduct of an agency?<\/p>\n

Such cases have played a major role in improving environmental governance elsewhere in the world by allowing citizens to hold government accountable. Is China ready for these so-called \u201cadministrative\u201d lawsuits?\u201d<\/p>\n

\n
\n

<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Toxic chemicals <\/strong><\/p>\n

Friends of Nature<\/span> filed two administrative public interest cases against a local Environmental Protection Bureau in Yunnan province.<\/p>\n

They concerned the building of a potassium perchlorate manufacturing plant in the exceptionally bio-diverse Nujiang region, and the way in which the local EPB approved the plant\u2019s environmental impact assessment (EIA). Fugong Qunsheng Electric Salt Technology Co., Ltd began construction without approval in July 2014.<\/p>\n

Risks to people and nature<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Nujiang region lies within the \u201cThree Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Area<\/a>\u201d, a region of mountains and forests that UNESCO believes may \u201charbour the richest biodiversity among temperate areas in the world.\u201d In 2004, Premier Wen Jiabao famously\u00a0postponed a cascade of hydropower dams on the Nujiang river\u00a0due to environmental concerns.<\/p>\n

Fugong Qunsheng Electric Salt Technology Co., Ltd. commenced construction of its plant in July 2014\u00a0without an EIA\u00a0approval. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Members of the Lisu minority live close to Fugong Qunsheng\u2019s site.<\/p>\n

Potassium perchlorate is a volatile chemical, used mainly in manufacturing fireworks, matches, and explosives. Its production generates dangerous by-products\u00a0including carcinogenic hexavalent chromium<\/a>.<\/p>\n

There is no disposal facility for hexavalent chromium nearer than Kunming, the provincial capital, 680 kilometres away. Transporting it there means a high risk of accidental spills, with devastating consequences.<\/span><\/p>\n

What\u2019s more, villagers in recently built Wangnian live a mere 115 metres from the plant, squarely within its potential blast zone.<\/p>\n

Questionable approval<\/strong><\/p>\n

China\u2019s laws stipulate that an EIA must be carried out for all construction projects, and approval obtained before work starts.<\/p>\n

Nujiang EPB publicised<\/a> the firm\u2019s late EIA report for public comments on March 31, 2015. On April 23, the EPB published<\/a> notice of its intention to approve the report and project.<\/p>\n

On May 4, 2015 the Nujiang EPB <\/span>issued<\/a> an order stating that Fugong Qunsheng had violated the 2002 Environmental Impact Assessment Law<\/a> by building prior to obtaining approval.<\/p>\n

It imposed an administrative penalty of 50,000 yuan (US$7,460) on Fugong Qunsheng, ordering it to halt construction and apply for EIA approval before May 30.<\/span><\/p>\n

Four days later, the EPB issued an approval of the plant\u2019s EIA Report<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Legal violations<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Friends of Nature sought to have the court nullify this approval as it was issued in violation of China\u2019s amended Environmental Protection Law. Nujiang EPB had seemed to follow procedural requirements under the 2002 EIA Law, but the Ministry of Environmental Protection has made clear that local EPB\u2019s should apply the newly-amended Environmental Protection Law\u2019s requirements.<\/p>\n

Friends of Nature\u00a0<\/span>argued that Nujiang EPB acted illegally in following superseded procedures, and approving the resubmitted EIA report in this way.<\/p>\n

Friends of Nature<\/span> first attempted to raise these issues with Nujiang EPB over several months, but got no response. Finally, on December 19, 2016 the organisation filed the two administrative public interest lawsuits, requesting the court revoke the EIA approval and administrative penalty.<\/p>\n

Lushui County People\u2019s Court accepted the cases on January 3, 2017, and issued its dismissal decision on May 31, saying that Administrative Litigation Law did not authorise the NGO to bring the suit.<\/p>\n

Legal grey area<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Administrative law generally refers to the body of legal requirements and procedures that apply to government actions, such as the review and approval of EIA reports. Administrative litigation is that taken against a government for taking (or failing to take) an action.<\/p>\n

China\u2019s well-established Administrative Litigation Law authorises filing administrative complaints by \u201ccitzen[s], legal person[s], or any other organisations\u201d when government action has infringed in a direct way upon their own rights or interests.<\/p>\n

It has been widely used. A 2015 study<\/a> of judicial decisions on Environmental Impact Assessment Law found 45 of 107 cases on Beijing University\u2019s database<\/a> were brought by \u201cinterested parties\u201d such as local residents or village groups, living near the project under review. Cases were permitted to move forward because the plaintiffs were directly impacted by the local authorities\u2019 decisions.<\/p>\n

Another, recent example of an \u201cinterested party\u201d case comes from Shenzhen: in December 2016 the Shenzhen Intermediate Peoples\u2019 Court <\/span>ruled in favour<\/a> of a local citizens\u2019 group that brought an administrative lawsuit against the local government for procedural violations of the 2002 EIA law. The group were residents living close to the site of the proposed waste incinerator.<\/p>\n

However, China\u2019s Administrative Litigation Law<\/span> has never been interpreted to permit NGOs to pursue administrative litigation for actions alleged to have infringed the public interest \u2013\u00a0as opposed to actions involving direct individual interests.<\/p>\n

The 2014 amendments to the EPL authorising NGOs to bring environmental public interest litigation have therefore been interpreted as being limited to civil disputes directly against polluters \u2013 in other words, lawsuits against polluters for damaging the environment.<\/p>\n

Looking forward<\/strong><\/p>\n

Administrative litigation against government agencies can be a very powerful tool to incentivise government agencies to implement environmental laws properly. Given prosecutors have limited resources, NGOs can provide additional pressure.<\/p>\n

In a famous US case from 1971<\/a>, Calvert Cliffs Coordinating Committee v\u00a0US Atomic Energy Commission, local environmentalists successfully sued the Atomic Energy Commission. The case had a lasting impact on how federal agencies treat EIAs within the decision-making process. Such cases can have greater impact on environmental governance than \u201ccitizen suits\u201d against individual polluters, precisely because they promote sweeping changes in government actions.<\/p>\n

China is taking some steps in this direction. In July 2015, the Standing Committee of the National People\u2019s Congress (NPC) <\/span>implemented a pilot<\/a> programme authorising local prosecutors in 13 jurisdictions to bring administrative public interest cases against government agencies.<\/p>\n

The Supreme People\u2019s Procurate subsequently <\/span>issued \u201cImplementing Measures\u201d<\/a> to guide prosecutors bringing such cases, leading to some positive results. In Guizhou, a prosecutor won a lawsuit<\/a> against the local EPB for failure to bring enforcement actions against a corporate polluter. And in June 2016, a prosecutor in Shandong won a case against the local EPB for allowing a chemical firm to begin trial operations illegally, according to the China Daily<\/em> newspaper.<\/p>\n

The NPC\u2019s pilot programme was enshrined in law in 2017\u00a0through amendments to Administrative Litigation Law\u2019s Article 25 \u2013 meaning that prosecutors across the country can bring administrative public interest cases.<\/span><\/p>\n

But the revision leaves out NGOs such as Friends of Nature. This omission and the failure of Friends of Nature’s cases against Nujiang EPB suggest that China\u2019s central government is not ready to empower NGOs to hold government agencies accountable for legal violations.<\/p>\n

This will be an important topic to watch because developments will shape China\u2019s environmental public interest litigation system. China\u2019s legislators would do well to consider the crucial role that NGOs could play in supplementing prosecutors\u2019 efforts to make sure that no government agency is above the law.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The ability of NGOs to bring public interest lawsuits is a key test of the Environmental Protection Law, write William J Schulte and Li Haitang<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1539,"featured_media":59655,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[760],"tags":[514],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-34983","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pollution","tag-chemicals"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nYunnan chemical factory becomes testing ground for citizen lawsuits | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The ability of NGOs to bring public interest lawsuits is a key test of the Environmental Protection Law, write William J Schulte and Li Haitang\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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