{"id":35018,"date":"2017-08-30T13:43:00","date_gmt":"2017-08-30T13:43:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-06-19T09:32:05","modified_gmt":"2020-06-19T09:32:05","slug":"10018-should-china-introduce-a-stormwater-fee","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/10018-should-china-introduce-a-stormwater-fee\/","title":{"rendered":"Should China introduce a stormwater fee?"},"content":{"rendered":"

With China engaged in a strong push for \u201csponge cities\u201d \u2013 cities that can absorb stormwater without directing it all into drainage systems \u2013 the idea of levying fees or charges to manage stormwater has also been raised here.\u00a0<\/span>Housing minister Chen Zhenggao said at a national training session on sponge cities\u00a0that China would look at overseas experiences and study systems for charging for stormwater disposal. There are plenty of examples as stormwater fees\u00a0are already in place in a number of regions in the US, Germany and other countries. <\/span><\/p>\n

Stormwater is polluted water<\/strong><\/p>\n

The idea of charging for disposal of rain may seem\u00a0odd. As some internet users have asked, if we\u2019re charged for rain then what next? Will we have to pay to breathe the air or enjoy sunshine?<\/p>\n

\u201cBreathing air or sunbathing doesn\u2019t harm the environment,\u201d said Yu Nian, head of Guangzhou University\u2019s Sponge City Construction Institute. \u201cBut impermeable structures such as roofs, roads and city squares accumulate pollution, which is washed off by stormwater. If it\u2019s not treated then it causes serious pollution of rivers and lakes. So a stormwater fee is similar to fees for wastewater disposal: it used to be free, but now it\u2019s charged for.\u201d<\/p>\n

And downpours don\u2019t just flood our cities. What looks like pure rainwater becomes polluted when it reaches the ground (there’s a good explanation\u00a0here<\/a>). The technical term is \u201cstormwater runoff pollution\u201d, which carries large quantities of organics, pathogens, heavy metals, hydrocarbons and suspended matter picked up from the air, roads and buildings. This pours into rivers and lakes, causing pollution.<\/p>\n

\u201cStormwater pollution is one of the main causes of rivers turning foul,\u201d said Zhao Minhua, deputy chief engineer at the Shanghai Water Design and Planning Institute. \u201cThat\u2019s why it smells bad if you walk by a river on a rainy day.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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The problem is that in many cities, wastewater and stormwater aren\u2019t separated. Stormwater and the surface pollutants it collects flow into the sewers, which cannot cope with the extra volume and overflow into other water bodies causing serious pollution.<\/p>\n

This means that better stormwater management is essential. Many areas of the US, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Australia and France collect some form of a fee or tax on stormwater. But the practice is most widespread in the US and Germany.<\/p>\n

As of 2003, 60% of Germany’s\u00a0population was subject to a stormwater fee, a figure that has grown steadily. Around 20 cities in Denmark, and 1,417 counties, cities and towns across 39 states in the US, also collect\u00a0fees.<\/p>\n

But even in developed nations, the idea of stormwater pollution is recent.<\/p>\n

The US passed the Clean Water Act in 1972 to control\u00a0point sources of pollution. But after more than a\u00a0decade of cleaning up bodies of water it was recognised\u00a0that more than 60% of water pollution was coming from stormwater. And so in 1987 the act was amended to include stormwater as a source of pollution, with a licensing system for discharges following in 1990. \u201cIncluding stormwater discharge as a source of pollution provided a legal basis for collecting a stormwater fee,\u201d said Yu Nian.<\/p>\n

Initially, EU countries were most concerned with the risks of flooding from stormwater. Then the 2000 EU Water Framework Directive raised water quality standards and listed pollutants commonly found in stormwater. EU member states\u00a0gradually banned stormwater from the sewerage systems and built separate stormwater infrastructure, giving rise to stormwater fees.<\/p>\n

Encouragement by taxation<\/strong><\/p>\n

Different locations have different levels of rainfall \u2013 so how should stormwater be levied?<\/p>\n

In some cases,\u00a0fees are charged in line with water consumption. In Denmark, the stormwater fee is 40% of your wastewater disposal charge, which itself is set according to how much water you use. The Italian city of Ravenna imposes a surcharge of 3% on residents\u2019 water bills.<\/p>\n

In other cases, stormwater fees are determined by area of impermeable surface, meaning the building area and any surface areas that have been hardened.<\/p>\n

Yuming Jim Su is a water resources engineer who has spent 18 years working on these issues in the US. He recalls that in some places stormwater fees were initially imposed as a percentage of water consumption or disposal costs, or property taxes. But this was unfair because some users were polluting more than they paid for and others were paying for more than they polluted. After research and experimentation, it is now more common to charge by impermeable surface area that includes garden paths, driveways and roofs.<\/p>\n

Overall, the annual payments are not expensive.<\/p>\n

Washington DC\u00a0charges between US$1.60 and US$36 a month for detached homes. Most residents of both apartments and houses pay only between US$1.60 and US$2.67 a month.<\/p>\n

Germany looks at local rainfall and impermeable surface area of a property to calculate the stormwater fee \u2013 between 0.63 euros (US$0.75) and 2.00 euros (US$2.4) per square metre annually.<\/p>\n

Many experts agree that it isn\u2019t just about the cost, the charges also increase\u00a0awareness of stormwater management issues. \u201cPreferential policies and rewards are complementary to stormwater fees,\u201d said Wang Yue, conservation planning expert for Nature Conservancy China. \u201cThe ultimate aim isn\u2019t to make money, but to use a range of methods to get everyone to build and use stormwater collection and reuse infrastructure.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIf there\u2019s a charge, there\u2019s also an incentive,\u201d said Li Junqi, head of the School of Environment and Energy Engineering at Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture.<\/p>\n

Property owners can use rooftop gardens and grass over parking spaces and driveways to reduce impermeable area. If the stormwater is absorbed into the soil rather than discharged into stormwater infrastructure, there is no cost to the property owner.<\/p>\n

And in many places policies have been put in place to encourage owners to collect or handle their own stormwater, alongside the charges. If Swedish property owners use water butts or rooftop gardens to control stormwater runoff they pay a reduced rate. In Denmark, there are rebates of up to 40%.<\/p>\n

In Germany property owners pay less if they\u00a0install green roofs or stormwater seepage and storage equipment. There can also be rewards for good stormwater management. In Chicago a building with 50% green roof coverage, or a green roof of more than 2000 square feet (185.8 square metres), earns a government bonus for the developer that is paid from the income from stormwater fees.<\/p>\n

The money collected isn\u2019t just used for encouraging better stormwater management, it also goes towards maintaining stormwater infrastructure and management.<\/p>\n

In Deerfield, Massachusetts, the money is used to maintain drains, outlets and stormwater separation. In Dallas, Texas, the money also goes towards a Storm Water Drainage Fund.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn the past, everyone thought that water just fell from the sky and had nothing to do with them,\u201d said Yu Nian, who thinks stormwater fees are in line with the \u201cpolluter pays\u201d principle. \u201cBut roads and roofs stop water from reaching the soil and in environmental terms that damages the circulation of water in the ecosystem \u2013 and so there should be a charge.\u201d<\/p>\n

Stormwater fees in China<\/strong><\/p>\n

China has seen an increase in stormwater reuse and sponge city construction in recent years. Some cities, including Beijing, Nanjing and Kunming, have implemented policies that require consideration of stormwater management during the design, construction and operation of projects, alongside associated subsidies and fines, in order to encourage projects to better manage stormwater.<\/p>\n

But experts interviewed by The Southern Weekly<\/em> said that no Chinese cities are collecting stormwater fees yet. However, Shanghai and Shenzhen, two cities taking a lead on the issue, are engaged in exploratory research.<\/p>\n

\u201cWho collects it, how much, how is it collected, is it right for China? All these [issues] need to be looked at fully,\u201d said Wang Yue.<\/span><\/p>\n

About every four years since 2005, Li Junqi\u2019s research team have surveyed public attitudes to stormwater infrastructure and policies in Beijing. Most recently, they found that 80% of people say a stormwater fee is reasonable. \u201cInitially people said they\u2019ve never heard of the idea, but as they consider the environmental aspects they come to feel it should be done,\u201d said Li. \u201cThe level of acceptance is rising every year, and it will happen eventually.\u201d<\/p>\n

Internationally, there has been opposition to stormwater fees when first imposed. According to a Xinhua<\/em> report, residents of Ravenna in Italy complained of \u201cyet another hidden tax\u201d. Residents in Augusta in the US complained of being \u201csick of being taxed for every little thing,\u201d and wanted to know \u201cwho would oversee this, to prevent waste or cheating.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cDoes the money collected do me any good, how much is it, is it fair, has there been adequate advance publicity, how environmentally aware are the public? All these factors can cause opposition, especially with a new tax such as this,\u201d said Yuming Jim Su.<\/span><\/p>\n

According to Su, the public are keener on stormwater infrastructure in developed areas and big cities where the environmental impact of stormwater is greater. These also tend to have more educated residents who are more willing to accept the need for a stormwater fee.<\/p>\n

Land ownership in China also presents a problem. \u201cIn China, most people live in apartments, overseas they live in houses,\u201d said Man Li, deputy head of the Public Private Partnerships Research Institute at the Central University of Finance and Economics. \u201cIn China land is public, in the US it is private.\u201d<\/p>\n

A number of experts indicated that stormwater management is an emerging field in China, and the collection of a fee may be considered in future.<\/p>\n

\u201cInfrastructure in developed nation cities is already complete, they\u2019re not far behind like us,\u201d said Cheng Xiaotao, flood prevention expert at the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research. \u201cWe need to build waste disposal facilities and water treatment plants. It\u2019s a huge burden.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIn a sense,\u00a0[the stormwater fee] is an incentive mechanism rather than just a revenue-gathering system,\u201d said Li Dihua. \u201cIf you stop your stormwater discharges, you don\u2019t need to pay. There\u2019s an incentive there, encouraging the best possible management of stormwater.\u201d<\/p>\n

Originally published in <\/span>The Southern Weekly<\/a>. Edited and republished with permission.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Charging\u00a0for stormwater disposal can encourage better water management.\u00a0Pan Qiucing examines the options<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2888,"featured_media":59679,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[760],"tags":[543],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-35018","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pollution","tag-extreme-weather"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nShould China introduce a stormwater fee? | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Charging\u00a0for stormwater disposal can encourage better water management.\u00a0Pan Qiucing examines the options\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/10018-should-china-introduce-a-stormwater-fee\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Should China introduce a stormwater fee?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Charging\u00a0for stormwater disposal can encourage better water management.\u00a0Pan Qiucing examines the options\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/10018-should-china-introduce-a-stormwater-fee\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Dialogue Earth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-08-30T13:43:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-06-19T09:32:05+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/28395881436_ae69e434e4_b.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"601\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Qiuxing Pan\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/10018-should-china-introduce-a-stormwater-fee\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/10018-should-china-introduce-a-stormwater-fee\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Qiuxing Pan\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/f207f02e88fe5d3f4f5a2241d01f2721\"},\"headline\":\"Should China introduce a stormwater fee?\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-08-30T13:43:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-06-19T09:32:05+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/10018-should-china-introduce-a-stormwater-fee\/\"},\"wordCount\":1681,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/10018-should-china-introduce-a-stormwater-fee\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/28395881436_ae69e434e4_b.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Extreme weather\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Pollution\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/10018-should-china-introduce-a-stormwater-fee\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/10018-should-china-introduce-a-stormwater-fee\/\",\"name\":\"Should China introduce a stormwater fee? 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