After more than a year of legal conflicts, the government of Mauricio Macri will seek to recommence construction of two controversial hydroelectric dams in Patagonia. The projects have been widely challenged by environmental groups\u00a0but are considered necessary to unlock more finance from China to Argentina.<\/p>\n
The\u00a0N\u00e9stor Kirchner and Jorge Cepernic<\/a>\u00a0dams on the Santa Cruz River will require investment of US$4.7 billion (30.4 billion yuan), of which Chinese banks will provide 85%. Chinese company Gezhouba and Argentine firms Electroingener\u00eda and Hidrocuyo will execute the project. Its progress is a necessary condition for the development of other projects by China in Argentina.<\/p>\n \u201cIf we had no commitment to China, we probably would not have progressed at this speed,\u201d said Juan Jos\u00e9 Aranguren, minister of energy and mining.<\/p>\n Sergio Bergman, Argentina\u2019s environment minister, was unequivocal on the role of\u00a0loan conditions in the project advancing, saying contracts with China \u201cinfluence the State\u201d.<\/p>\n The project was awarded in 2013 and construction began in 2015, mired in controversy. Environmental organisations warn of the environmental damage that dams could cause, including affecting the biodiversity of the area and the Upsala, Spegazzini and Perito Moreno glaciers, which\u00a0UNESCO<\/a>\u00a0has declared a World Heritage Site.<\/p>\n \u201cThe project is continuing only because there is an international commitment to be fulfilled. China imposes conditions that force the government to proceed with construction. Archaeological sites will be badly affected as will be the hooded grebe [mac\u00e1 tobiano<\/em>], a bird [unique to the area] that is at risk of extinction\u201d, Andr\u00e9s Napoli, executive director of the\u00a0Environment and Natural Resources Foundation (FARN)<\/a>\u00a0told\u00a0Di\u00e1logo Chino<\/em>.<\/p>\n On taking office, the Mauricio Macri-led government halted the development of the dams, ordered a\u00a0new analysis<\/a> of their feasibility and changes to the project. The power the dams would generate was scaled back from 1,740 to 1,310 megawatts (MW); the number of turbines was reduced from 11 to 8; the height of the dams was lowered to avoid negative impacts and an additional high voltage line was constructed.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n However, the project soon became\u00a0paralysed<\/a>. The Supreme Court accepted a complaint from environmental organisations that the project lacked a proper environmental impact assessment and ordered the government to carry out a new study and conduct a public hearing. Both these stages have now been completed. The Macri administration now hopes to relaunch the project as soon as this month.<\/p>\n \u201cThere is no turning back regarding the work. The government needs the funds and the jobs it will generate in the face of financial strangleholds. The project should have been better thought out when it was initially conceived. With these stoppages and changes the State is behaving like an amateur,\u201d said Gustavo Girado, a researcher\u00a0specialising<\/a>\u00a0in contemporary Chinese studies at the National University of Lan\u00fas (UNLA).<\/p>\n No common ground<\/strong><\/p>\n The recent public hearing threw up seemingly irreconcilable differences of opinion on the dams. Some see a paradise of biodiversity under threat, others see energy opportunities and a contribution to the reduction of carbon emissions as an alternative to thermoelectric energy sources.<\/p>\n Enrique Viale, president of the\u00a0Argentine Association of Environmental Lawyers<\/a>\u00a0and a candidate for a seat in the house of deputies in congressional elections later this year, told\u00a0Di\u00e1logo Chino<\/em>:<\/p>\n \u201cThe dams have environmental, economic and institutional inconsistencies. With the same money, solar and wind projects could be carried out yielding 70% more energy. The public hearing was a farce as the government has already decided to undertake the work. But we are going to continue to fight.\u201d<\/p>\n Changes in the project do not guarantee there will be no serious environmental impact, according to a coalition of environmental non-governmental organisations. The same is true of the new environmental impact study, which was criticised in part due to the fact it contains no analysis of the impact of the power lines.<\/p>\n The government and energy specialists see the hydroelectric plants as the lynchpin of a more diversified energy system, which they say requires continuous energy generation and an increased share of renewable energy. Almost 90% of Argentina\u2019s electricity demand is provided by\u00a0non-renewable sources, particularly gas and oil, according to the\u00a0International Energy Agency<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u201cThe [hydroelectric] project is extremely important for the Argentine energy system. It allows for the addition of the energy we need. The dams have financing, with initial works already having taken place, and it must go forward. We do not see inconveniences or circumstances that would require stoppages, but the opposite,\u201d said Oscar Navarro, a member of the\u00a0Argentine Committee of Large Dams<\/a>.<\/p>\n Pablo Chelmicki, an engineer with the\u00a0Argentine Chamber of Engineering Consultants<\/a>\u00a0stressed the same point, reiterating the need to achieve a cleaner energy system in Argentina. He also ruled out any kind of environmental impact from dams that cannot be mitigated. \u201cWe have a very polluting energy system and the dams would be a starting point to help to change it,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n The Ministries of Environment and Energy admitted that the project will have impacts, and announced a US$400 million (2.59 billion yuan) mitigation and compensation plan. They will create new protected areas comprising 337,000 hectares and monitoring centres for the glaciers.<\/p>\n Close links<\/strong><\/p>\n Argentina has a \u201ccomprehensive strategic alliance\u201d with China, a diplomatic status enjoyed by few countries. More than 20 treaties were signed to develop cultural, technological, energy and economic projects.<\/p>\n While China has guaranteed funding for\u00a0key energy and transportation works such as dams and nuclear power plants, Argentina authorised the award of works without a prior bidding process and opened the door for Chinese labour. The relationship between both countries is long-standing, but was initially questioned by Macri due to the type and lack of transparency around the contracts.<\/p>\n Progress on the construction of the dams is a key step in unlocking and pushing forward other projects for which Argentina needs financing from China. These include renovating the fleet of trains and the network of the state-owned Belgrano Cargas line in the central northern province of Santa Fe,<\/em>\u00a0in addition to the construction of two\u00a0nuclear<\/a>\u00a0power plants. That message was reiterated to Macri on his trip to China in May.<\/p>\n The trade relationship between the two countries has been described as \u201casymmetrical<\/a>\u201d or unequal and this is acknowledged by both governments. Argentina\u00a0has an annual trade deficit with China of around US$5 billion. More than 95% of Argentina\u2019s exports to China are primary resources.<\/p>\n \u201cAt this point, there is no other way out, but for the project to move forward. Argentina demands more and more electricity, and needs this project. If it succeeds in moving ahead, China will immediately provide financing for nuclear power plants and solar and wind projects. Completion of the dams frees up other projects that are now frozen,\u201d said Ernesto Taboada, executive director of the\u00a0Argentina-China Chamber of Commerce.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n