{"id":36059,"date":"2019-02-05T11:06:00","date_gmt":"2019-02-05T11:06:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-11-11T13:00:59","modified_gmt":"2020-11-11T13:00:59","slug":"11059-should-china-export-clean-coal-power","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/11059-should-china-export-clean-coal-power\/","title":{"rendered":"Should China export \u2018clean\u2019 coal power?\u00a0\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

China is planning on financing more coal-fired power capacity beyond its borders than\u00a0Germany currently operates<\/a>, according to a\u00a0new report<\/a>\u00a0from the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA).<\/p>\n

In\u00a0an interview<\/a>\u00a0at last year\u2019s UN climate conference, Li Junfeng, director of China\u2019s National Centre for Climate Change Strategy, said, \u201cWe can\u2019t require a developing country that is less developed than China to start decreasing coal consumption now, that is not possible.\u201d China is helping other countries meet their\u00a0coal power needs with the cleanest ultra-low emissions technology, he said.<\/p>\n

The IEEFA report shows that the Chinese-financed coal plants have become more efficient, with fewer of the most carbon-intensive plants under development. These concurrent trends of continued coal power development, but with more efficient technology, mirror China\u2019s own energy trajectory. Although the move toward greater efficiency carries some environmental and health benefits, it still defies the call for global decarbonisation.<\/p>\n

China\u2019s overseas coal plant development looms large<\/strong><\/p>\n

China is not a new entrant to global coal power development.\u00a0A study<\/a>\u00a0conducted by the Global Environmental Institute in 2017 found that between 2001 and 2016, Chinese\u00a0companies and banks\u00a0were involved in 240 coal projects overseas with a total capacity of 251 gigawatts. Analysing public finance alone, the\u00a0Natural Resources Defense Council\u00a0showed<\/a>\u00a0that China\u00a0has been the largest backer\u00a0of overseas coal power in recent years.<\/p>\n

IEEFA\u2019s new report pulls back the curtain on China\u2019s future plans. Its involvement in coal projects does not appear to be flagging: Chinese financial institutions and companies have committed or proposed to finance one quarter of the coal plants under development outside of China \u2013\u00a0102 gigawatts of capacity spread across 23 countries.<\/p>\n

In some cases, China\u2019s financial pledges come from the very top. Bangladesh and China\u00a0signed off on<\/a>\u00a0four Chinese-financed coal power plants during Xi Jinping\u2019s 2016 state visit. State-owned energy companies have also enjoyed high-level\u00a0support from\u00a0industrial policies<\/a>\u00a0encouraging their overseas expansion, backed by financial support from China\u2019s policy banks, which can offer low-interest loans.<\/p>\n

Chinese-financed coal power capacity under development outside China<\/strong>\"Chinese-financed<\/p>\n

Source:\u00a0IEEFA<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Demand from developing countries is also driving business, said Yuan Jiahai, a professor at the North China Electricity and Power University. His field research on China\u2019s coal power development in Southeast Asia showed that coal remains attractive in the region. \u201cFor countries like Indonesia and Vietnam that are in the early stages of industrialisation, coal power is still the most\u00a0economical and reliable choice,\u201d Yuan said, adding that these countries prioritise safety and cost over environmental considerations.<\/p>\n

China is not alone in capitalising on this demand for coal plants; Japan and South Korea have long been active financiers and developers in these countries as well, rivalling China. As the chart below shows, the countries receiving the most financing from China are also receiving finance from other countries.<\/p>\n

Share of coal power\u00a0capacity under development with Chinese finance<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Share<\/p>\n

Source:\u00a0IEEFA<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Greening in China\u2019s image<\/strong><\/p>\n

Chinese officials and media\u00a0have trumpeted<\/a>\u00a0advanced coal technology as a key export to developing countries. As Li Junfeng expressed,\u00a0China has pioneered high-efficiency coal power that can supply demand from developing countries in a relatively green way.<\/p>\n

Indeed, China\u2019s investments in coal power abroad have steadily shifted toward more efficient technology. In a\u00a02016 study<\/a>, Kelly Sims Gallagher, a professor at Tufts University, found that from 2013 to 2016 only 26% of the Chinese-financed coal plants abroad were inefficient subcritical plants, compared to 58% for the whole of 2000-2016. IEEFA\u2019s report shows that this trend is projected to continue: 23% of the plants in China\u2019s overseas financing pipeline are subcritical.<\/p>\n

The trend follows China\u2019s own domestic energy transition, although it lags a few years behind. China\u2019s coal plant pipeline has shrunk over the years as the country has acknowledged the excess capacity in the sector, but it still\u00a0has over 200 gigawatts of capacity in development<\/a>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0twice what it intends to finance abroad.<\/p>\n

Even as the country continues to build coal plants, its fleet has become\u00a0much more efficient<\/a>. The majority of China\u2019s plants are still subcritical, leftover from earlier construction, but in recent years the country has shifted toward building high-efficiency ultra-supercritical plants.The 13th<\/sup>Five-Year Plan for the electricity sector<\/a>\u00a0sets high efficiency targets for plants to meet, blocking future subcritical plant construction. If an old plant cannot meet this efficiency standard by 2020, it will be shut down. Conventional air pollution\u00a0standards for Chinese plants<\/a>\u00a0are also mostly higher than in the US and EU.<\/p>\n

Makeup of China’s coal power capacity additions, 1980-2016<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Makeup<\/p>\n

Source:\u00a0Centre for American Progress<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Abroad, the shift to cleaner technology has occurred more organically. China\u00a0does not\u00a0block its banks or companies from investing in low-efficiency coal projects. But high-level commitments to a \u201cgreen Belt and Road\u201d and the competitiveness of China\u2019s efficient technology may be pushing Chinese banks and companies forward, Yuan Jiahai said. Chinese companies\u00a0are increasingly taking<\/a>\u00a0long-term positions in coal projects overseas, co-owning or operating plants where they were formerly just involved in construction or equipment provision. In doing so, they have taken on more long-term risks \u2013 risks of stranded assets if alternative energy supplies become cheaper and of government policies requiring retrofits, as China itself has done. Getting ahead of the curve and investing in better technology may be a logical choice.<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, developing countries may still see coal as the most stable and attractive option for their power sector development, but they are also feeling pressure to move to cleaner alternatives. Countries had to submit climate action plans under the Paris Agreement, with\u00a0many committing to renewable energy goals<\/a>. Protests have also stalled the development of dirty coal plants in a few notable cases, including a protest against two proposed\u00a0plants in Bangladesh<\/a>, co-sponsored by a Chinese company. At least four people were killed protesting the plants and their displacement of local people.<\/p>\n

The limits to \u2018clean\u2019 coal<\/strong><\/p>\n

Though this new wave of high-efficiency plants can help reduce pollution and coal consumption compared to older technology, it is no climate solution.\u00a0The 23% of China\u2019s development pipeline that is subcritical is still 23 gigawatts of inefficient coal power, and even the most efficient coal plants are still very carbon-intensive.<\/p>\n

CO2 emissions by type of\u00a0coal plant<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"C02<\/p>\n

Source:\u00a0NRDC<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhile improving efficiency in coal-fired power plants is better than doing nothing, building new coal plants without carbon capture and storage is incompatible with the energy transition required by the Paris Agreement, especially because each new coal plant built today will last 30-50 years,\u201d said Gallagher. A\u00a0report<\/a>\u00a0published by Coalswarm and other NGOs last year showed that the existing fleet of operating coal plants worldwide will already exceed the carbon budget for coal plants through 2050, so many plants will have to retire early.<\/p>\n

Global coal power CO2 emissions compared to CO2 budgets<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"GlobalSource:\u00a0Coal Swarm and Global Coal Plant Tracker<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

And on a local level, high-efficiency technology only\u00a0slightly decreases air pollution<\/a>; additional, costly pollution control equipment is required to make more significant reductions.<\/p>\n

Internationally,\u00a0OECD credit export agencies have\u00a0agreed to phase out coal financing<\/a>, and\u00a0most major multilateral lenders have also restricted coal financing. Last year, the World Bank\u00a0backed out<\/a>\u00a0of the only coal plant it had in its investment pipeline, saying that renewables were now a cheaper option. Major Japanese power companies and insurers\u00a0have announced<\/a>\u00a0they will no longer invest in or undertake coal business.<\/p>\n

Differentiated responsibilities?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Many of the countries building Chinese-financed coal plants qualify as least developed countries.\u00a0Under the doctrine of common but differentiated responsibilities, such countries\u00a0should be granted more flexibility<\/a>\u00a0in their path to reducing emissions. A 2016\u00a0study by Climate Analytics<\/a>\u00a0acknowledges different coal phase out<\/a> pathways for different regions, but argues that no new coal plants can be built globally in order to meet the Paris Agreement 1.5 degree goal.<\/p>\n

In a\u00a0joint US-China statement<\/a>\u00a0at the White House in September 2015, China agreed to strictly control public investment for overseas projects with high pollution and carbon emissions. The Green Credit Guidelines, which regulate China\u2019s banks, also call for them to follow international best practices, but these guidelines are neither legally binding nor explicit on coal finance.<\/p>\n

Yuan Jiahai said the imperative to restrict coal financing should be clear from China\u2019s own experience with overcapacity as renewable energy comes online, \u201cDomestically, China\u2019s coal industry is facing structural risks, 15 or 20 years from now these risks will emerge in Belt and Road countries. So [\u2026], China must establish strict energy efficiency, environmental protection, and emissions performance standards for overseas coal financing.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

More efficient coal technology is still incompatible with helping countries meet ambitious climate goals, writes\u00a0Lili Pike<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2301,"featured_media":60329,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761,757],"tags":[520,547,597,600],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-36059","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","category-energy","tag-coal","tag-fossil-fuels","tag-technology","tag-trade"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nShould China export \u2018clean\u2019 coal power?\u00a0\u00a0 | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"More efficient coal technology is still incompatible with helping countries meet ambitious climate goals, writes\u00a0Lili Pike\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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