{"id":36237,"date":"2019-05-07T12:03:00","date_gmt":"2019-05-07T12:03:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2021-09-23T10:46:08","modified_gmt":"2021-09-23T10:46:08","slug":"11237-human-wellbeing-threatened-by-unprecedented-rate-of-biodiversity-loss","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/11237-human-wellbeing-threatened-by-unprecedented-rate-of-biodiversity-loss\/","title":{"rendered":"Human wellbeing threatened by \u2018unprecedented\u2019 rate of biodiversity loss"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nature loss is accelerating worldwide at an unprecedented rate, with grave impacts for human wellbeing, according to a major report<\/a> approved by more than 130 of the world\u2019s governments.<\/p>\n

The report, launched in Paris, France on Monday, says fundamental changes are needed to everything from farming and fishing to private investment and governance to ensure the benefits continue to flow.<\/p>\n

While such warnings have been heard before, this is the most comprehensive assessment to date, and the first that governments have come together to endorse. The findings are set to influence world leaders who are meeting in China next year<\/a>, aiming to reach a new global agreement on biodiversity.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe evidence is incontestable,\u201d said Robert Watson, chair of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)<\/a>, which produced the report. \u201cOur destruction of biodiversity and ecosystem services has reached levels that threaten our wellbeing at least as much as human-induced climate change. We have a closing window of opportunity to act, and narrowing options.\u201d<\/p>\n

Key findings<\/strong><\/p>\n

The report is the result of three years of work by hundreds of scientists who have reviewed 15,000 sources of information. It shows how nature is crucial to humanity, providing food, water, energy and medicines, as well as livelihoods and cultural and spiritual fulfilment. But it shows too that many species are fast declining in range and numbers, and that the services ecosystems provide, such as water and carbon storage, seed dispersal and pollination, are breaking down.<\/p>\n

Humanity has \u201cseverely altered\u201d three-quarters of the planet\u2019s land surface, it says, adding that one million species are threatened with extinction, many within decades. Watson said the continued loss of biodiversity \u201cwill undermine the ability of most countries to achieve most of the Sustainable Development Goals\u201d, which all UN member states have pledged to achieve by 2030.<\/p>\n

While climate change will make all of this worse, so too could some efforts to prevent global warming. IPBES says, for example, that plantations of bioenergy crops can have negative impacts on biodiversity and on ecosystem services that are key to food and water security.<\/p>\n

Costly problems<\/strong><\/p>\n

The report says biodiversity loss and ecosystem destruction is being driven by a litany of problems including overfishing, deforestation, pollution, agricultural expansion, rising seas, unsustainable hunting, illegal wildlife trade, invasive species and climate change. It also highlights important \u201cindirect drivers\u201d such as rapid economic growth, poorly planned urbanisation and rising per capita consumption.
\n <\/p>\n

\"Five<\/p>\n

Spotlight on China<\/strong><\/p>\n

The IPBES report is global in scope and makes grim reading for all regions. It warns, for instance, that if the current trends continue \u201cthere could be a substantial decline in the economic and non-monetary value of nature\u2019s contributions\u201d to people across Asia in coming decades. With its diverse landscapes and rapid development, China exemplifies many of the problems and potential solutions IPBES describes.<\/p>\n

The country has established many protected areas and greatly increased its forest area in recent years. But it also faces significant conservation challenges, particularly in its drylands, lakes, rivers and coastal wetlands, of which less than half of the original area remains. These include overexploitation, pollution, extractive industries and invasive species, which IPBES has said are \u201ckey biological threats to China\u2019s social development and ecological security\u201d, costing US$17 billion each year.<\/p>\n

Vanishing crop variety<\/strong><\/p>\n

According to IPBES, the number of invasive species harming China\u2019s agricultural ecosystems has been growing by about three species a year since 1900, with a faster rate of increase in the past 15 years. This is a huge threat, particularly to China\u2019s 193 million small farms, which are living repositories of crop diversity<\/a>. That biodiversity is also threatened by economic forces. In response to market demand, many subsistence farms are being replaced by commercial monoculture. The loss of traditional crop varieties and associated local farming knowledge is removing options that could be crucial to efforts to adapt to a changing climate.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis is a threat to the sustainability and resilience of the whole traditional farming system,\u201d said Yiching Song, of the Centre for Chinese Agricultural Policy<\/a> of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. At the same time however, said Song, there is growing demand in China for safe, good quality and varied food because of rising incomes, food safety issues and increasing concern for the environment. \u201cThis is good news and an opportunity for crop biodiversity protection and farmer seed system enhancement,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n

Bringing about a revolution<\/strong><\/p>\n

Only \u201ctransformative change\u201d can prevent further declines in humanity\u2019s natural life-support systems by 2050 and beyond, says the IPBES report. \u201cBy transformative change,\u201d said Watson, \u201cwe mean a fundamental, system-wide reorganisation across technical, economic and social factors, including paradigms, goals and values.\u201d<\/p>\n

Among other things, the report calls for better ways of producing and using food, energy and water, more inclusive decision-making and governance of natural resources, new frameworks for private investment and incentives for environmental protection. It urges governments to ensure that policies in all areas from health to housing, from defence to finance, take account of biodiversity. And it gives examples of effective policies, practices and governance structures to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\nChina has returned 17 million hectares of barren mountainous wasteland to natural vegetation (Image: Alamy)<\/span><\/p>\n

Learning from China <\/strong><\/p>\n

One example that IPBES highlights is China\u2019s Sloping Land Conversion Program<\/a> (or Grain for Green), the world\u2019s largest reforestation effort. By paying farmers to plant trees on their land and providing degraded land to rural families to restore, it has transformed more than 15 million hectares of degraded agricultural land and 17 million hectares of barren mountainous wasteland to natural vegetation. Though at a local level some results have been more mixed<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe figures are really big \u2013 US$40 billion spent, over 30 million hectares of land restored and some 32 million households engaged,\u201d said Himlal Baral, a senior scientist at the Center for International Forestry Research, based in Indonesia. \u201cThis is a great restoration effort and many countries can learn lessons from this. It shows that if you put in economic incentives, there is potential to restore degraded and marginal land.\u201d He noted that while some of the programme\u2019s benefits such as soil and water conservation and landslide protection are local, the carbon storage achieved by planting so many trees benefits the whole planet.<\/p>\n

Ways forward<\/strong><\/p>\n

Having worked in China for several decades, Jianguo (Jack) Liu, a professor at the Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability at Michigan State University is hopeful. \u201cEnormous change has already taken place,\u201d he said. \u201cThe government has increasingly paid attention to the environment. That is very positive, of course, but there are still challenges to be addressed.\u201d<\/p>\n

Liu pointed out that, in the past, assessments of government officials were based on gross domestic product (GDP) and took no regard of environmental performance. \u201cThe higher the GDP, the more likely someone would be promoted,\u201d he said. \u201cNow, they are evaluated by environmental and economic performance. If you have had a bad environmental record, you will be punished and will not be promoted.\u201d Liu said he would like to see this approach \u201cscaled up, implemented and enforced nationwide.\u201d<\/p>\n

A new global deal<\/strong><\/p>\n

All eyes will be on China\u2019s efforts to conserve nature next year, when Kunming, the capital of Yunnan province in southwest China, hosts the 15th Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).<\/a> Representatives of nearly 200 governments will meet there to agree a new 10-year framework to halt biodiversity loss and protect ecosystems. It could be a sombre meeting, as delegates will confirm that progress towards the last agreed targets, set in Aichi, Japan, in 2010, has been abysmal. The IPBES report suggests that most of the 20 Aichi targets will be missed.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe IPBES Global Assessment tells us how much we have achieved, where we are on track, where we are not, why, and what the options are for moving forward,\u201d said the CBD\u2019s executive secretary, Cristiana Pa\u015fca Palmer, who added that it will make an \u201cinvaluable contribution\u201d to the process of setting ambitious, achievable targets in the post-2020 global biodiversity framework.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe assessment also shows that threats to biodiversity cannot be addressed by governments alone,\u201d said Pa\u015fca Palmer. \u201cIn fact, it underscores the urgent need for transformational change to safeguard nature and the ecosystem services that underpin all life. This requires everyone to get involved \u2013 including businesses, communities and individuals \u2013 as we lay the foundations for an even more ambitious biodiversity agenda for the next decade.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Major UN report warns 1 million species are at risk of extinction, with key threats to China<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":463,"featured_media":60413,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[764,760],"tags":[511,531,539,551],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-36237","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nature","category-pollution","tag-biodiversity","tag-deforestation","tag-endangered-species","tag-health"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHuman wellbeing threatened by \u2018unprecedented\u2019 rate of biodiversity loss | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Major UN report warns 1 million species are at risk of extinction, with key threats to China\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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