{"id":36423,"date":"2019-08-06T14:08:00","date_gmt":"2019-08-06T14:08:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-21T11:07:56","modified_gmt":"2020-09-21T11:07:56","slug":"11423-chinese-agriculture-s-eco-transformation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/11423-chinese-agriculture-s-eco-transformation\/","title":{"rendered":"Chinese agriculture\u2019s eco-transformation"},"content":{"rendered":"

Seventeen families gathered to take part in Time Farm\u2019s sports day earlier this year, attracted perhaps by the unusual nature of the activities, which included a vegetable hauling competition and a weeding race.<\/p>\n

The eco-farm\u2019s founder, Gu Yingjun, hoped the event would help promote ideas of agricultural sustainability and build closer links with his customers.<\/p>\n

The 48-year-old established the farm in Jiangning, a district of Nanjing in Jiangsu province, in 2012, after quitting his job as an IT consultant in the banking sector. A year later, the government announced<\/a> plans to create a \u201cresource-conserving and environmentally friendly agriculture sector\u201d by 2020. Gu had chosen the right time to make his move. But mainstream agriculture keeps prices low, and Gu\u2019s farming methods are laborious and costly. It was six years before his farm broke even.<\/p>\n

\u201cDespite our high costs, we can\u2019t put prices up or things won\u2019t sell. We need to price our products within an acceptable range,\u201d Gu explained.<\/p>\n

This, in a nutshell, is the obstacle to China\u2019s agricultural transition.<\/p>\n

\"A
\nA family relay race at Time Farm. The farm hopes events like its sports day will strengthen relationships with consumers. (Image: The Fifth Phase Community)<\/span><\/p>\n

The cost problem<\/h2>\n

At a conference held in late April in Nanjing to promote eco-agricultural practices, Qiao Yuhui of the China Agricultural University offered one example of the huge cost handicap facing greener agriculture. On an ordinary farm it takes one person\u00a0an hour or two to control weeds using chemical herbicide over a mu of land (0.16 acres). The chemical-free approach\u00a0can take a team of workers days.<\/p>\n

Time Farm consists of 20 mu (1.3\u00a0hectares) of rice, more than 20 mu of vegetables and over 10 mu of orchards and poultry. The farm recycles its own waste and its loose soil barely needs ploughing. But the fertility of the soil means lots of weeds.<\/p>\n

Gu says the farm employs two elderly people from the local village to help out year-round, but at busy times five or six people are needed to keep up with the weeding. Daily wages are 100 yuan (US$14.53), so the refusal to use chemicals is hugely expensive for the farm. And most consumers aren\u2019t keen to pay extra for these hidden expenses.<\/p>\n

Experts say the government should support small-scale eco-farmers with funding or subsidies. Luo Shiming, formerly dean of the South China Agricultural University, said: \u201cThere\u2019s no lack of money in government. The question is how it\u2019s used. The authorities need to intervene to control market failures such as disparities between costs and prices.\u201d<\/p>\n

Lack of trust<\/h2>\n

One of the main reasons consumers won\u2019t pay the extra for green products is a lack of confidence.<\/p>\n

\u201cConsumers worry the products aren\u2019t actually organic,\u201d says Shi Yan of eco-farm Shared Harvest<\/a> in the eastern suburbs of Beijing.\u00a0\u201cPeople have certain fixed ideas about organic or environmentally friendly products: that they should be small and ugly and blemished by insects; or attractive and nicely packaged.\u201d Consumers are dubious about products that don\u2019t meet their expectations.<\/p>\n

The way Shared Harvest\u00a0is run may offer one route to building trust between farmers and consumers. Founded in 2012, Shi’s farm is a membership organisation. It now has over 1,000 sign-ups, and an annual turnover of more than 10 million yuan (US$1.45 million).<\/p>\n

One of Shi\u2019s principles is regular face-to-face interaction with her customers, who she invites to the farm to see how it works.<\/p>\n

In 2003, China started an organic certification system to build trust, but this has been problematic for small farms.<\/p>\n

Shi once tried to use certification to win consumer trust. But on average it costs about 10,000 yuan (US$1,453) to certify one product, and the process has to be repeated every year. Her farm produces over 40 different products and could not possibly afford this cost.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe certification system only helps those companies or cooperatives with the money to use it,\u201d said professor Qiao.<\/p>\n

But the fact remains that small, household-scale farms are the main force<\/a> in Chinese agriculture. These\u00a0operations do not have the spare cash or\u00a0level of management needed to access the organic certification system.<\/p>\n

Fixed ways of thinking<\/h2>\n

Traditional Chinese agriculture emphasised both the use and care of the land, as well as self-sufficiency. Resources and waste were reused in relatively eco-friendly ways.<\/p>\n

This changed with the industrialisation of agriculture, which Luo Shiming explains took place over two stages. Firstly, between the foundation of the People\u2019s Republic of China in 1949 and the start of reform and opening up in 1978, environmental concerns took a back seat as the authorities pushed for bigger harvests to feed a growing population. Then from 1978 to 2011, the industrialisation of agriculture sped up and the environment was overlooked even further.<\/p>\n

Luo is 73 and has lived through both those periods of change. \u201cFor generations the Chinese people struggled to ensure there was enough food, and that meant a fixation on increasing harvests. So environmental concerns were gradually forgotten and traditional farming practices lost,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

But policies focused on increasing output started to shift in 2013 with the government\u2019s push towards a more environmentally friendly sector. In 2015, the No.1 Central Document<\/a> \u2013 an annual proclamation setting the direction for the year\u2019s agricultural policy \u2013 stated that agriculture has \u201cmultiple functions\u201d beyond simply feeding the nation, including social, cultural and environmental roles. This year\u2019s document<\/a> again referred to the development of sustainable, \u201ccircular\u201d agriculture.<\/p>\n

But why, if output is no longer the sole standard of success, has it been so hard to transform Chinese agriculture? To find out, Chen Weiping, associate professor at Renmin University\u2019s School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, interviewed over 50 farmers in various provinces, including Shandong, Fujian and Sichuan. He discovered the majority still have a blind faith in chemical fertilisers and pesticides, and a desire for more mechanisation and automation to reduce the manual labour they need to do.<\/p>\n

In addition, Chen says the language of government policy doesn\u2019t always translate into a clear direction for farmers. While there are some concrete programmes to encourage ecological practices, such as subsidies on organic fertilizers, these run alongside existing incentives that pull in the opposite direction, such as support for farmers planting large quantities of soybean and corn, and those promoting mechanised planting.<\/p>\n

The new farmers<\/h2>\n

In 2017, President Xi Jinping announced a new strategy to reinvigorate rural areas<\/a>, attracting educated young people such as Shi Yan to leave the cities and become farmers. These self-described \u201cnew farmers\u201d are becoming key to shifting China\u2019s industrialised agriculture towards a more eco-friendly alternative.<\/p>\n

The new farmers are seen to be bringing fresh blood into the sector. Chang Tianle, founder of the Beijing Organic Farmers\u2019 Market, says the new arrivals are good managers who want their farms to be environmentally friendly. They care about long-term soil fertility, are cautious about the use of chemicals, and keen to develop good business models.<\/p>\n

However, Chang adds, the new farmers often don\u2019t stay long because schools in rural areas lag behind those in cities.<\/p>\n

\u201cThese young, university-educated parents want their children to live in the countryside, but also to get a good education,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n

Shi Yan thinks improvements in the quality of living and public services such as education, sanitation and infrastructure are key to retaining the new farmers.<\/p>\n

\u201cIf you\u2019re talking about agriculture,\u201d Shi says, \u201cyou have to talk about the village as a whole.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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