{"id":36451,"date":"2019-08-15T10:27:00","date_gmt":"2019-08-15T10:27:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-06-22T17:36:34","modified_gmt":"2020-06-22T17:36:34","slug":"11451-one-quarter-of-the-world-s-population-face-extremely-high-water-stress-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/11451-one-quarter-of-the-world-s-population-face-extremely-high-water-stress-2\/","title":{"rendered":"One quarter of the world\u2019s population face extremely high water stress"},"content":{"rendered":"

Once-unthinkable water crises are becoming commonplace.<\/p>\n

Reservoirs in\u00a0Chennai<\/a>, India\u2019s sixth-largest city, are nearly dry right now. Last year, residents of\u00a0Cape Town<\/a>, South Africa narrowly avoided their own \u201cDay Zero\u201d water shut-off. And the year before that,\u00a0Rome<\/a>\u00a0rationed water to conserve scarce resources.<\/p>\n

The reasons for these crises go far deeper than drought: through\u00a0new hydrological models<\/a>, WRI found that water withdrawals globally have more than doubled since the 1960s\u00a0due to growing demand \u2013 and they show no signs of slowing down.<\/p>\n

New data from\u00a0WRI\u2019s Aqueduct<\/a>\u00a0tools\u00a0reveal that 17 countries<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 home to one-quarter of the world\u2019s population \u2013 face \u201cextremely high\u201d levels of baseline water stress, where irrigated agriculture, industries and municipalities withdraw more than 80% of their available supply on average every year. Forty-four countries, home to one-third of the world, face \u201chigh\u201d levels of stress, where on average more than 40% of available supply is withdrawn every year. Such a narrow gap between supply and demand leaves countries vulnerable to fluctuations like droughts or increased water withdrawals, which is why we\u2019re seeing more and more communities facing their own \u201cDay Zeros\u201d and other crises.<\/p>\n

\"17<\/a><\/p>\n

Water stress has wide-reaching effects<\/h2>\n

Water stress poses serious threats to\u00a0human lives, livelihoods<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0business stability<\/a>. It\u2019s poised to worsen unless countries act: population growth, socioeconomic development and urbanisation are increasing water demands, while climate change can make precipitation and demand more variable.<\/p>\n

We\u2019re already witnessing some of these impacts play out around the world. Here are four trends in the data:<\/p>\n

Middle East and North Africa is most water stressed<\/h2>\n

Twelve out of the 17 most water-stressed countries are in the Middle East and North Africa. The region is hot and dry, so water supply is low to begin with, but growing demands have pushed countries further into extreme stress. Climate change is set to complicate matters further: the World Bank\u00a0found<\/a>\u00a0that this region has the greatest expected economic losses from climate-related water scarcity, estimated at 6-14% of gross domestic product by 2050.<\/p>\n

\"water<\/a><\/p>\n

Yet there are untapped opportunities to boost water security in the region.\u00a0About 82%<\/a>\u00a0of the wastewater is not reused; harnessing this resource would generate a new source of clean water. Leaders in treatment and reuse are\u00a0already emerging<\/a>: Oman, ranked number 16 on our list of water-stressed countries, treats 100% of its collected wastewater and reuses 78% of it.\u00a0About 84% of all wastewater collected in\u00a0Gulf Cooperation Council<\/a>\u00a0countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) is treated to safe levels, but only 44% goes on to be reused.<\/p>\n

India\u2019s water stress goes beyond the surface<\/h2>\n

India\u2019s water challenges extend beyond current events in Chennai. Last year, the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog), a government research agency,\u00a0declared<\/a>\u00a0that the country is \u201csuffering from the worst water crisis in its history, and millions of lives and livelihoods are under threat.\u201d Aqueduct\u2019s findings put this crisis in context: India ranks 13th\u00a0for overall water stress and has more than three times the population of the other 17 extremely highly stressed countries combined.<\/p>\n

The new Aqueduct data includes both surface and groundwater stress for the first time. In addition to rivers, lakes and streams, India\u2019s groundwater resources are severely overdrawn, largely to provide water for irrigation. Groundwater tables in some northern aquifers declined at a rate of more than eight centimetres per year from 1990-2014.<\/p>\n

\"water<\/a><\/p>\n

India is starting to take critical steps to mitigate water stress, including setting up the Jal Shakti Ministry to prioritise all water issues, including supply, drinking water and sanitation, under one national government umbrella. Other solutions the country could pursue include more efficient irrigation; conserving and restoring lakes, floodplains, and groundwater recharge areas, and collecting and storing rainwater.<\/p>\n

Local pockets of extreme water stress<\/h2>\n

While it\u2019s helpful for policymakers to understand and take action on water stress at the national level, water is an inherently local issue. That\u2019s why in addition to ranking countries\u2019 water stress, Aqueduct includes data at the sub-national and sub-watershed levels.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s clear that even in countries with low overall water stress, communities may still be experiencing extremely stressed conditions. For example, South Africa and the United States rank 48 and 71 on WRI\u2019s list, respectively, yet the Western Cape (the state home to Cape Town) and New Mexico experience extremely high stress levels. The populations in these two states rival those of entire nations on the list of most water-stressed countries.<\/p>\n

Water stress is avoidable<\/h2>\n

Water stress is just one dimension of water security. Like any challenge, its outlook depends on management. Even countries with relatively high water stress have effectively secured their water supplies through proper management.<\/p>\n

Saudi Arabia, ranked 8 for water stress, prices water to incentivise conservation. Its new\u00a0Qatrah (\u201cdroplet\u201d in Arabic) program<\/a>\u00a0sets water conservation targets and aims to reduce water usage 43% within the next decade.\u00a0 Namibia, one of the most arid countries in the world, has been\u00a0turning sewage water into drinking water<\/a>\u00a0for the past 50 years. And Australia\u00a0nearly halved<\/a>\u00a0domestic water use to avert its own Day Zero moment during the\u00a0Millennium Drought<\/a>. The country\u2019s water-trading scheme, the largest in the world, allows for smart allocation of water among users in the face of variable supplies.<\/p>\n

Three ways to reduce water stress<\/h2>\n

In any geography, water stress can be reduced by measures ranging from common sense to cutting-edge. There are countless solutions, but here are three of the most straightforward:<\/p>\n

1. Increase agricultural efficiency<\/h3>\n

The world needs to make every drop of water go further in its food systems. Farmers can use seeds that require less water and improve their irrigation techniques by using precision watering rather than flooding their fields. Financiers can provide capital for water productivity investments, while engineers can develop technologies that improve efficiency in agriculture. And consumers can reduce food loss and waste, which\u00a0uses one-quarter of all agricultural water<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2. Invest in grey and green infrastructure:<\/h3>\n

Aqueduct\u2019s new data shows that water stress can vary tremendously over the year. WRI and the World Bank\u2019s research shows<\/a>that built infrastructure (like pipes and treatment plants) and green infrastructure (like wetlands and healthy watersheds) can work in tandem to tackle issues of both water supply and water quality.<\/p>\n

3. Treat, reuse and recycle:<\/h3>\n

We need to stop thinking of wastewater as waste. Treating and reusing it creates a \u201cnew\u201d water source. There are also useful resources in wastewater that can be harvested to help lower water treatment costs. For example, plants in\u00a0Xiangyang, China<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Washington, DC<\/a> reuse or sell the energy- and nutrient-rich byproducts captured during wastewater treatment.<\/p>\n

The data is clear: there are undeniably worrying trends in water. But by taking action now and investing in better management, we can solve water issues for the good of people, economies and the planet.<\/p>\n

This article is republished with permission from <\/em>WRI<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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