{"id":36471,"date":"2019-08-28T09:57:00","date_gmt":"2019-08-28T09:57:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-06-22T17:04:03","modified_gmt":"2020-06-22T17:04:03","slug":"11471-china-s-appetite-for-durian-puts-malaysia-s-forests-under-pressure-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/food\/11471-china-s-appetite-for-durian-puts-malaysia-s-forests-under-pressure-2\/","title":{"rendered":"China\u2019s appetite for durian puts Malaysia\u2019s forests under pressure"},"content":{"rendered":"

This week Malaysia\u00a0began exporting<\/a>\u00a0whole durian\u00a0to China by plane. It hopes to fly\u00a08,000 tonnes of the fruit to China every\u00a0year, at\u00a0a value of around\u00a0800\u00a0million yuan (US$111.6 million).<\/p>\n

With demand for durian\u00a0skyrocketing<\/a> in China, Malaysia is bracing itself for a leap in\u00a0production. A new agreement signed in August last year allows the Southeast Asian country to export frozen whole durian to China for the first time, but demand is fuelling deforestation.<\/p>\n

Malaysia grows about 300,000 tonnes of durian every year, with most of it consumed domestically. Total exports in 2018 were 23,381 tonnes, worth RM118.2 million (US$29.4 million), according to Malaysia\u2019s Department of Statistics. A total of 20,793 tonnes or 88.9% of this went to Singapore.\u00a0And only 236 tonnes were exported to China in the form of pulp and paste.<\/p>\n

In a June statement, Malaysia\u2019s ministry of agriculture and agro-based\u00a0industry said it expected total durian exports to China to increase to 22,000 tonnes by 2030.<\/p>\n

This growth is small compared to China\u2019s growing appetite for the fruit. According to Trade Map, the value of fresh durian imports to\u00a0China was almost US$1.1 billion in 2018, double the figure for 2017. Imports have grown from about 200,000 tonnes in 2008 to approximately 430,000 tonnes in 2018.<\/p>\n

Almost all of China\u2019s fresh durian imports are from Thailand, which is the world\u2019s top producer and exporter. Malaysia\u2019s official share is small because of trade restrictions that limit durian exports to China to\u00a0pulp and paste form, although reports suggest some illegal imports<\/a> do find their way into the country.<\/p>\n

Following the inking of the new protocol, Malaysia\u2019s first exports of frozen whole fruit durians occurred on 17 June, with five companies approved to export the fruits to China, said Salahuddin Ayub, the minister for agriculture and agro-based industry, in a statement announcing the exports.<\/p>\n

Whole fresh fruit can be sold for significantly higher prices. Salahuddin said the ministry expects 1,000 tonnes of premium variety durians from Malaysia to enter the Chinese market every month, which will contribute RM500 million (US$120 million)\u00a0annually to the value of the nation\u2019s exports, the statement read.<\/p>\n

He also said the ministry is confident that Malaysia\u2019s output will be able to satisfy local demand, the current international market and the new, burgeoning market in China. He said durian farming has been recognised by the ministry under the New Source of Wealth policy, which is supporting replanting and rehabilitation of farms.<\/p>\n

Last year, Malaysia\u2019s durian output increased by 61.9% to 341,000 tonnes from 211,000 tonnes in 2017 and is expected to increase in the following years, particularly premium varieties such as the Musang King and Black Thorn, the statement read.<\/p>\n

Malaysia\u2019s department of agriculture said exports must meet China\u2019s stringent food safety standards and import regulations.<\/p>\n

Nevertheless, demand is already outstripping supply, sending prices soaring.<\/p>\n

Although this price boom has so far benefited Malaysia\u2019s farmers, with durians of the most expensive variety, the Musang King, selling for up to 125 yuan (US$30) per kilogram in 2017, some exporters are warning that the growth is unsustainable.<\/p>\n

Dulai Fruits grows 4,000 tonnes of durian a year, 90% of which is sold to China. Managing director Eric Chan says both the lack of supply and the soaring prices are hurting his Chinese buyers, many of whom sell via e-commerce channels in China.<\/p>\n

\u201cA lot of our clients cannot grow their business because we cannot promise them the volume,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

He added that without stable prices, buyers are unable to properly plan their expenditure, making expansion difficult. \u201cWhen they cannot grow, sales cannot grow. When the sales cannot grow, the durian business is not sustainable,\u201d he warned.<\/p>\n

\"musang
\n(Image: Alamy)<\/span><\/p>\n

Hands-on farming<\/h2>\n

To stabilise the market and meet China\u2019s growing demand, the Malaysian government is keen to boost productivity. It has brought in the Durian Industry Development Programme to generate interest among farmers and support them with information and training.<\/p>\n

The department of agriculture has acknowledged the challenges, saying increases in operating costs are making it difficult for farmers.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere are increased prices of agricultural inputs such as fertiliser, chemicals and agricultural machineries, as most of these are obtained from abroad,\u201d it said.<\/p>\n

Researcher Salehudin Md. Radzuan of the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) warns that climate change also poses a significant problem.<\/p>\n

With an intensification<\/a> of El Ni\u00f1o, farmers must increasingly guard their plantations against changes in the weather such as temperature swings.<\/p>\n

According to Salehudin, farmers in Malaysia follow the \u201cplant, leave and harvest\u201d approach, which requires few agricultural inputs. But adapting to climate change and boosting production will require more hands-on, intensive farming practices.<\/p>\n

\u201cIf a season is too hot, the trees will be stressed. The fruits will be small and not very good quality,\u201d said Salehudin. \u201cYou must have a better fertiliser system, better irrigation system if you want a good yield.\u201d<\/p>\n

To help, MARDI is researching high-yield\u00a0durian varieties. But as Salehudin pointed out, this is no quick fix.\u00a0\u201cWe have to test the taste and whether the varieties will thrive in all locations across agricultural zones. Durians take a long time to grow and bear fruit so that\u2019s why this research is going to take years,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

Growing deforestation<\/h2>\n

With high-yield\u00a0varieties still a long way off, growing demand has led to increased deforestation to make way for durian plantations.<\/p>\n

Puan Sri Shariffa Sabrina Syed Akil, president of the Association for the Protection of the Natural Heritage of Malaysia (PEKA), described the situation as \u201cvery serious\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cNow that China wants more of our durians, Malaysians are going crazy because there is so much money to be made,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n

Instead of turning underutilised land into plantations, the authorities are \u201cmore than happy to open up our forests \u2026 because they can make more money from the logging\u201d.<\/p>\n

To cash in on this bonanza, state governments in Peninsular Malaysia, where durian production is concentrated, are removing the protections that keep forest reserves safe. And as state governments are in charge of local land matters, there\u2019s not much the federal government can do to control this.<\/p>\n

\u201cI have seen the impact with my own eyes. The entire ecosystem is affected. The rivers are gone,\u201d said Shariffa. Indigenous people are losing ancestral lands to the plantations.<\/p>\n

This was also claimed by Mustafa Along, chairman of the Kelantan Network of Orang Asli Villages during a June forum in Thailand.<\/p>\n

He said that Kelantan, a state on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, has witnessed an alarming rise in threats from activities such as logging, mining and plantations. He added that durian farming by Chinese-financed companies is increasingly encroaching upon indigenous land.<\/p>\n

Mustafa said in one instance, the Kelantan state government had approved 10,000 acres (4,000 hectares) of forested land in Pos Simpor, Gua Musang to be opened for Musang King durian farming.<\/p>\n

The indigenous community there banded together to stop the company\u2019s hired workers from entering the forest by erecting a blockade in Pos Simpor.<\/p>\n

However, he said this did not deter the company, which has taken legal action and used intimidation and violence to force the community to back down.<\/p>\n

\u201cThey sued me for millions of ringgits because they claimed that they had lost millions during the entire duration of the blockade. I am only an indigenous person who earns about US$50 a month,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

Mustafa elaborated that in Kelantan, the encroachment into native customary land for durian farming, among other developmental activities, was driven by a Kelantan state policy from 2006 called the People\u2019s Farm programme. Under the programme, one-third of a 600,000-hectare forest reserve has been set aside for monocrop plantations such as palm oil and rubber. These lands include indigenous lands, which are recognised under Malaysian law as native customary lands.<\/p>\n

After the blockade in Pos Simpor hit national headlines, the federal government, in an unprecedented move, took the Kelantan government to court in January to protect local indigenous land rights.<\/p>\n

Risk to genetic diversity<\/h2>\n

With growers catering increasingly to the Chinese market, the loss of genetic diversity could also become a problem for the sector. This is already the case in Thailand,<\/a> which exports<\/a> most of its durian crop to China.<\/p>\n

But unlike Thailand, Malaysia consumes the majority of its durian domestically. Per capita\u00a0consumption is 11 kilograms each year, making it the world\u2019s largest consumer<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The department of agriculture has downplayed the potential impact that focussing on exports could have on\u00a0genetic diversity. \u201cThere are 204 varieties of durian registered and planted in Malaysia. Each of these\u00a0has their own niche market,\u201d it said, adding that while international demand for the Musang King and the Sultan has increased, \u201cthe consumption of other varieties of durians in the domestic market remains high\u201d.<\/p>\n

Despite the challenges facing farmers, Dulai Fruits\u2019 Eric Chan is optimistic about the future of Malaysia\u2019s durian industry. He hopes that Chinese demand will attract more young people to work in the industry. He sees a great deal of potential for development, especially in innovative offshoot sectors such as food engineering.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt can help with food processing industries as well. It will involve a lot of engineers because we need the machinery to produce all the downstream products \u2026 The durian industry is not only about planting the trees and shipping it out. There is a whole ecosystem to it. That\u2019s why I feel positive about it,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

But PEKA\u2019s Shariffa laments that the increase in appetite for Malaysia\u2019s durians is fuelling short-term interests rather than long-term benefits.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe state governments have too much power over our forests. They have no understanding of the need for sustainability. They think logging will make them a lot of money. They\u2019re only thinking about the short term,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

State governments are rushing to meet Chinese demand for the ‘king of fruit’, but at what cost to the environment and indigenous people?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3467,"featured_media":60539,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[763,764],"tags":[531,600],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-36471","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-food","category-nature","tag-deforestation","tag-trade"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nChina\u2019s appetite for durian puts Malaysia\u2019s forests under pressure | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"State governments are rushing to meet Chinese demand for the ‘king of fruit’, but at what cost to the environment and indigenous people?\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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