{"id":40077008,"date":"2015-12-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2015-12-17T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/china-dialogue-ocean-staging.darkbluehq.com\/uncategorized\/3306-wto%e2%80%8b-dangerous-overfishing\/"},"modified":"2022-02-10T23:00:26","modified_gmt":"2022-02-10T17:30:26","slug":"3306-wto%e2%80%8b-dangerous-overfishing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/3306-wto%e2%80%8b-dangerous-overfishing\/","title":{"rendered":"Can the WTO\u200b curb dangerous overfishing?"},"content":{"rendered":"

A World Trade Organisation<\/a> (WTO) meeting in Nairobi this week has restated<\/a>\u00a0the need to reduce fishing subsidies and try and protect global fishing stocks, but a global agreement will be necessary to remove trade distortions that underdeveloped nations say promotes overfishing.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe will continue to seek appropriate enhanced WTO transparency and reporting to enable the evaluation of the trade and resource effects of fisheries subsidies programmes,\u201d said a statement<\/a> endorsed by\u00a025 ministers\u00a0at the meeting, which ended today.<\/p>\n

Fishing subsidies take a range of forms, with each\u00a0designed to protect or grow\u00a0the fishing industry. Some subsidies increase capacity by underwriting fuel costs and ship upgrades , while others promote sustainable development by funding scientific research or fisheries management.<\/p>\n

However, a large proportion of subsidies are driving harmful overfishing in the high seas, as fleets chase big profits leading to the disastrous\u00a0depletion of fish stocks.<\/p>\n

Countries provide on average US$30 billion a year in fisheries subsidies. Almost two-thirds\u00a0of this\u00a0directly encourages unsustainable, destructive or even illegal practices, according to data from the Global Ocean Commission (GOC). The World Bank calculates\u00a0that this damage cost the global economy US$83 billion in 2014.<\/p>\n

\u201cBehind these figures are the thousands of fishing-dependent communities in poorer regions \u00a0who are finding it harder and harder to compete with their subsidised rivals, and whose food security is threatened as fish stocks are depleted by industrial fleets from distant lands,\u201d said Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Figueres, co-chair of the GOC.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe WTO ministerial conference is an opportunity to finally deliver a phase – out of harmful fisheries subsidies and a provide a pragmatic, credible package of agreements to strengthen development through fair trade,\u201d he added.<\/p>\n

The dangers of subsidies for open-ocean fishing – fishing grounds\u00a0positioned in deeper and less sheltered water – are particularly grave. Half of subsidies for deep sea trawlers go on fuel, which push unsubsidi s ed trawlers out of the market.<\/p>\n

Over 85% of the world’s fisheries are now stretched to their\u00a0biological limits and are in need of strict management plans to restore them, says WWF.\u00a0Several important commercial fish populations,\u00a0such as Atlantic bluefin tuna,\u00a0have declined to the point where their survival as a species is threatened.<\/p>\n

In China, demand for fish has grown in step with economic prosperity.\u00a0Between 1970 and 2010, the proportion of fish in the national diet quintupled, to 25 kilogrammes per person per year, according to a recent report by the Canadian Security Intelligence Service.\u00a0Over-fishing has forced crews to look further out at sea. In 1988, 90% of the Chinese industry fished close to the coast,\u00a0but by\u00a02006, 60%\u00a0of the catch in Guangzhou province was offshore.\u00a0Hundreds\u00a0of fishing boats in Hainan province receive between US$300 and US$500 per day to go fishing in disputed waters, it says.<\/p>\n

Deteriorating marine environments<\/a>, dwindling fishery stocks<\/a> and increasing international calls for protection of natural resources , mean there is no longer any doubt that a deal on subsidies and restrictions on fishing is needed, said\u00a0Chen Shuping, head of the China Society of Fisheries, a non-profit scientific society.<\/p>\n

The GOC has\u00a0urged the\u00a0need to control\u00a0fuel subsidies , starting with an immediate\u00a0cap,\u00a0followed by a plan to\u00a0phase them\u00a0out completely\u00a0within five years.<\/p>\n

\"Image:
Image: Global Ocean Commission<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n


\nGreater transparency <\/strong><\/p>\n

At the WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha in 2001, initial talks to curb fishing\u00a0subsidies ended in\u00a0failure. The resulting\u00a0 draft deal on subsidies, appended to the WTO\u2019s Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement, had limited legal force and was not universally binding.<\/p>\n

The main reason for delay ed progress has been a\u00a0lack of consensus on what constitutes a subsidy.<\/p>\n

The diverse nature of subsidies makes them difficult to categorise. The y encompass the\u00a0direct transfer of funds, interest-free loans and\u00a0tax breaks. Some subsidies, such as those for fuel or new boats, are easy to identify; while\u00a0others, such as governments opting not to strengthen oversight of fishing vessels, are less so. Previously, WTO members have disagree d on what type of subsidy is harmful and what constitutes cause for bringing a complaint.<\/p>\n

Take diesel subsidies, for example. Countries opposed to their inclusion on the banned list (the EU, Japan and Korea), say diesel subsidies\u00a0will not damage fisheries if effective management is in place. Supporters (such as New Zealand),\u00a0 argue that is they are not banned , then the impact of reform will be extremely limited.<\/p>\n

There are also huge differences across nations in the amount of subsidies given, meaning a ban on \u201charmful\u201d subsidies will have differing effects. In Japan, the country which provides the highest amount of fishing subsidies, 60% of subsidies are spent on an expansion of\u00a0fishing capacity. A fuel ban here would deliver\u00a0a\u00a0major blow to the domestic\u00a0fishing sector. However, in the US, a supporter of large cuts in subsidies, only 6% of subsidies would be affected.<\/p>\n

David\u00a0 Schorr, a senior manager\u00a0with W W F’s Transparent Seas Project , told China Dialogue <\/i>that the real challenge is the lack of transparency.<\/p>\n

Schor r says that if countries know which subsidies are\u00a0being provided, then\u00a0 they could predict the impact on fisheries and take prompt measures in response. Without transparency , problems are harder to identify, and\u00a0fishing capacity will remain high,\u00a0ultimately causing fisheries to\u00a0collapse.<\/p>\n

Balancing interests<\/strong><\/p>\n

The sustainable use of oceans and marine resources formed part of the UN\u2019s 17 sustainable development goals in 2015 . Another challenge to negotiations, as with climate change talks, is balancing the varied interests of different countries.<\/p>\n

For individual parties, the benefits of cutting subsidies are clear. Harmful subsidies impact on both developed and developing nations. They lead to overfishing and the exhaustion of fish stocks. Dwindling availability has already\u00a0forced\u00a0up costs.<\/p>\n

Zhou Xindong, chairman of Shenzhen Liancheng Overseas Fishery company, told China Dialogue <\/i>that falling tuna stocks mean that Chinese vessels fishing in Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) are charged 10,000 yuan per vessel per day, up from several thousand a few years ago.<\/p>\n

For nations with underdeveloped fishing sectors, the reduction in fishery stocks is not just a los t development opportunity \u2013 it also affects livelihoods. Data from the government of Senegal shows that between 1994 and 2005 catches fell by more than half. This has forced many vessels to risk fishing in Spanish waters, with many lives lost as a result. Fishing outside a nation\u2019s EEZ can still threaten fisheries within the EEZ, as stocks move between the two. Since March 2015, the African, Caribbean and Pacific S tates G roup has been calling for a deal to be reached at December\u2019s conference .<\/p>\n

It will require wisdom to find a compromise, but it is not impossible. The EU was initially strongly opposed to talks specifically on fishery subsidies, but is now supportive.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Countries at WTO talks this week remained divided on how to curb\u200b harmful\u200b fishing subsidies\u200b, Zhang Chun examines the background<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":40066646,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039901],"tags":[40027748,580,40027767],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000110],"class_list":["post-40077008","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ocean","tag-overfishing","tag-policy","tag-subsidies","country-china"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCan the WTO\u200b curb dangerous overfishing? | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Countries at WTO talks this week remained divided on how to curb\u200b harmful\u200b fishing subsidies\u200b, Zhang Chun examines the background\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/3306-wto%e2%80%8b-dangerous-overfishing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Can the WTO\u200b curb dangerous overfishing?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Countries at WTO talks this week remained divided on how to curb\u200b harmful\u200b fishing subsidies\u200b, Zhang Chun examines the background\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/3306-wto%e2%80%8b-dangerous-overfishing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Dialogue Earth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2015-12-17T18:30:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-02-10T17:30:26+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/GP0STOPYB_Web_size_with_credit_line-e1531496743367.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"418\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/3306-wto%e2%80%8b-dangerous-overfishing\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/3306-wto%e2%80%8b-dangerous-overfishing\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\",\"@id\":\"\"},\"headline\":\"Can the WTO\u200b curb dangerous overfishing?\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-12-17T18:30:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-02-10T17:30:26+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/3306-wto%e2%80%8b-dangerous-overfishing\/\"},\"wordCount\":1128,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/3306-wto%e2%80%8b-dangerous-overfishing\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/GP0STOPYB_Web_size_with_credit_line-e1531496743367.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Overfishing\",\"Policy\",\"Subsidies\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Ocean\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/3306-wto%e2%80%8b-dangerous-overfishing\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/3306-wto%e2%80%8b-dangerous-overfishing\/\",\"name\":\"Can the WTO\u200b curb dangerous overfishing? 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