{"id":40077031,"date":"2018-09-26T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-09-25T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/china-dialogue-ocean-staging.darkbluehq.com\/uncategorized\/4498-marine-ranching-can-china-put-the-environment-first\/"},"modified":"2022-02-10T23:00:37","modified_gmt":"2022-02-10T17:30:37","slug":"4498-marine-ranching-can-china-put-the-environment-first","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/4498-marine-ranching-can-china-put-the-environment-first\/","title":{"rendered":"Marine ranching: Can China put the environment first?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>On an ordinary August evening, seven fishing vessels leave Lusi harbour for nearby fishing grounds while articulated lorries cram the surrounding roads as they wait for the next catch to land.<\/p>\n<p>The fishing grounds off the coast of Lusi, in Jiangsu province, eastern China, are a spawning ground for the large yellow croaker, a species of important commercial value. The stocks of yellow croaker were left exhausted by <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/286-china-promises-reform-of-coastal-fisheries\/\">decades of overfishing<\/a>\u00a0and fishing grounds badly damaged, but in recent years their numbers have bounced back.<\/p>\n<p>In late 2017, one man brought up a catch worth 400,000-500,000 yuan (US$60,000-$75,000) in a single haul, says local fisherman Pang Yuchang \u2013 such is the return of abundance.<\/p>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/XOEBGGRYSXY\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\nInterview with Jian Dapeng, head of the Ailun Bay Leisure Tourism Co. about marine ranching in Shandong province and its potential to attract tourists (Video: Kang Ning)\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThese days, lots of people come from Shanghai at the weekends to buy fresh fish,\u201d he says. \u201cYou even have to book your hotel in advance.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The resurgence of the fishing industry suggests that the management policies implemented by the Jiangsu provincial government have had some success. In 2017, it extended the two-month closed fishing season to three months to give juvenile yellow croaker more time to reach maturity.<\/p>\n<p>The placement of artificial reefs \u2013 used since 2015 as part of a \u201cmarine ranching\u201d approach (also known as sea farming or mariculture) \u2013 can also be credited with the species\u2019 resurgence along the Chinese coastline.<\/p>\n<h2>The rise of marine ranching<\/h2>\n<p>Marine ranching was developed in the 1970s. It&#8217;s a type of aquaculture involving the cultivation of marine organisms for food and other products in open sea or in an enclosed section of ocean.<\/p>\n<div class='block--pullout-stat block--pullout-stat--float cd-shortcode--factbox'>\n                <p class='block--pullout-stat__title'>19.1<\/p>\n                <div class='block--pullout-stat__content'>\n                    billion yuan of state investment planned for marine ranching\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<p>Early attempts involved sinking old boats and using manufactured reefs to change seabed currents and encourage algae to grow, which in turn attracted other marine species.\u00a0Today the approach involves placing artificial reefs on the seabed, releasing juvenile fish, and encouraging the growth of kelp forests. There are more equipment-intensive approaches to marine ranching, which are used to raise high-value fish species, but these are less common in China.<\/p>\n<p>Historically, China\u2019s approach to the sustainable management of coastal fisheries has been to reduce capacity: cut the number of fishing boats, extend the closed season, and reduce fuel subsidies. But in the last few years, the pace has quickened on more production focused and technical approaches.<br \/>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4531\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4531\" style=\"width: 2048px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4531 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/\u7231\u4f26\u6e7e\u6d77\u6d0b\u7267\u573a\u6e14\u4e1a\u4f5c\u4e1a\u7801\u5934.jpeg\" alt=\"A terminal for marine ranching operations at Ailuanwei marine ranch (Image: Kang Ning)\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1152\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4531\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A terminal for marine ranching operations at Ailuanwei marine ranch (Image: Kang Ning)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<h2>Profit to be made<\/h2>\n<p>China\u2019s 200 existing marine ranches are also popular destinations for tourism and leisure fishing, attracting 16 million visitors per year. So while each ranch costs on average 5.6 billion yuan (US$820 million) to create, the industry can generate as much as 31.9 billion yuan (US$4.7 billion) in revenue each year, according to the national pilot plan.<\/p>\n<div class='block--pullout-stat block--pullout-stat--float cd-shortcode--factbox'>\n                <p class='block--pullout-stat__title'>200<\/p>\n                <div class='block--pullout-stat__content'>\n                    existing marine ranches are also popular destinations for tourism and leisure fishing<br \/>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<p>The Ministry of Agriculture is planning to increase the number of national marine ranching pilot projects from 42 to 178, and the amount of sea area covered from 850 to 2,700 square kilometres, by 2025. To achieve this goal, 50 million cubic metres of artificial reefs will be created, generating 15 billion yuan (US$2.2 billion) a year in fishing and tourism revenues, according to \u201cconservative estimates\u201d from the Ministry of Agriculture.<\/p>\n<h2>The risks of overexpansion<\/h2>\n<p>But creating marine ranches is complicated and the risks of rapid overexpansion must be considered.<\/p>\n<p>Dr Yang Hongsheng, deputy head of the Institute of Oceanology at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, told <em>chinadialogue<\/em> that problems can arise during the management, planning and construction of marine ranches. He says that the variety of marine environments along the north-south coastline makes the selection of locations a challenge. Examples of the environmental risks include damage to the seabed from marine infrastructure, disruption to the food chain, and pollution from intensive agriculture and tourism.<br \/>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4549\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4549\" style=\"width: 2048px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4549 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/\u6e38\u5ba2\u4ece\u6d77\u6d0b\u7267\u573a\u7801\u5934\u4e58\u8239\u524d\u5f80\u6d77\u4e0a\u5e73\u53f0.jpeg\" alt=\"Tourists take a boat to an offshore platform (Image: Kang Ning)\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1152\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4549\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tourists take a boat to an offshore platform (Image: Kang Ning)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>Ownership and management of the ranches is split between local government and aquaculture companies.<\/p>\n<p>China\u2019s marine ranches are currently concentrated in the Bohai and Yellow Sea and its surrounding area. There are only nine pilots in the South China Sea. There are none in the tropical regions.<\/p>\n<p>China does not yet have any specific regulations on the construction of marine ranches. But according to guidelines from the United States\u2019 Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, artificial reefs should not be created in a way that might damage natural habitats; and should not be placed on coral reefs or beds of aquatic grasses, microalgae or shellfish.<\/p>\n<p>In China, locations should be chosen following a scientific survey of the seabed (under the purview of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), says Yang. They must also meet a minimum surface area \u2013 marine ranches of less than 10,000 hectares are of little environmental or economic benefit, he adds.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe definition of a marine ranch used in China is too broad,\u201d Yang told <em>China Science Daily<\/em>. \u201cPlacing artificial reefs, the release of juvenile fish and even the use of cages are all defined as marine ranching. There\u2019s also confusion between coastal fish farming and marine ranching, leading to a proliferation of marine ranches.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>With 19.1 billion yuan of state investment planned, local governments and businesses are expected to be drawn to the sector \u2013 and possibly be willing to ignore expert advice for the sake of being awarded a national pilot project.<\/p>\n<h2>Environmental impact<\/h2>\n<p>Marine ranches are relatively new in China. It is not yet known how these larger-scale human interventions will affect the marine environment. Deciding how to prevent and minimise these impacts is crucial. There is concern is that marine ranching is taking place without a full understanding of the impacts, says Xu Qiang, a professor at Hainan University and specialist on ranching in the South China Sea.<br \/>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4511\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4511\" style=\"width: 1843px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4511 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/\u68ad\u5b50\u87f9.png\" alt=\"Workers in a seafood shop is sorting the newly-arrived swimming crab\" width=\"1843\" height=\"968\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4511\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers in a seafood market sort crab (Image: Kang Ning)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>The majority of China\u2019s marine ranches have been designed to increase the output of \u201ceconomically-valuable\u201d marine life. Disruption to marine ecosystems such as mangrove forests, kelp beds, and oyster and coral reefs are rarely taken into consideration, nor is the genetic diversity of wild fish populations.<\/p>\n<p>Ranches designed solely to increase the population of a single species reduce the stability and sustainability of the ecosystem, says Yang. Meanwhile, the release of farmed juvenile fish affects the genetic structure and diversity of wild populations.<\/p>\n<p>In some places, the release of juvenile fish, coupled with remediation and better protection, may be enough to restore ecosystems without the need for artificial reefs.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIf the environment is to be put first, the builders of marine ranches need to respect the oceans and nature,\u201d says Xu. \u201cThe rapid transfer of marine environmental technologies and expertise will be crucial. Investment alone won\u2019t ensure marine ranches are a success.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As China quadruples the number of sea farming pilot projects, experts warn of the ecological risks of rapid expansion<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":40066745,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039901],"tags":[40027751,545,580],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000110],"class_list":["post-40077031","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ocean","tag-aquaculture","tag-fisheries","tag-policy","country-china"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Marine ranching: Can China put the environment first? | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Marine ranching is quite new in China and it&#039;s not yet known how large-scale interventions such as artificial reefs will affect the marine environment.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/4498-marine-ranching-can-china-put-the-environment-first\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Marine ranching: Can China put the environment first?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"As China quadruples the number of sea farming pilot projects, experts warn of the ecological risks of rapid expansion\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/4498-marine-ranching-can-china-put-the-environment-first\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Dialogue Earth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-09-25T18:30:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-02-10T17:30:37+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/2-e1537976166694.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2043\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"747\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/4498-marine-ranching-can-china-put-the-environment-first\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/4498-marine-ranching-can-china-put-the-environment-first\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\",\"@id\":\"\"},\"headline\":\"Marine ranching: Can China put the environment first?\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-09-25T18:30:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-02-10T17:30:37+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/4498-marine-ranching-can-china-put-the-environment-first\/\"},\"wordCount\":1193,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/4498-marine-ranching-can-china-put-the-environment-first\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/2-e1537976166694.jpeg\",\"keywords\":[\"Aquaculture\",\"Fisheries\",\"Policy\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Ocean\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/4498-marine-ranching-can-china-put-the-environment-first\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/4498-marine-ranching-can-china-put-the-environment-first\/\",\"name\":\"Marine ranching: Can China put the environment first? 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