{"id":40077080,"date":"2019-04-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-04-17T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/china-dialogue-ocean-staging.darkbluehq.com\/uncategorized\/7695-carbon-dioxide-removal-climate-change\/"},"modified":"2022-02-10T23:00:58","modified_gmt":"2022-02-10T17:30:58","slug":"7695-carbon-dioxide-removal-climate-change","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/7695-carbon-dioxide-removal-climate-change\/","title":{"rendered":"Can we tweak marine chemistry to help stave off climate change?"},"content":{"rendered":"

The world\u2019s nations are nowhere near to meeting the global Paris Agreement\u2019s goals on climate change of holding global temperature increases to\u00a02C<\/a> compared to nineteenth-century averages, much less its more aspirational goal of holding temperatures to a 1.5C rise<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The most recent\u00a0Emissions Gap Report<\/a>\u00a0from the United Nations Environment Program notes \u201cglobal greenhouse gas emissions show no signs of peaking\u201d. According to\u00a0another study<\/a>, the chance that humans can limit warming to no more than 2C by 2100 is no more than 5%, and it\u2019s likely that temperatures will rise somewhere between 2.6 and 3.7C by the end of the century.<\/p>\n

These foreboding trends have led to an increasing focus on ways to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Among the methods being explored is the use of the ocean to absorb and\/or store carbon by adding crushed rocks or other sources of alkalinity to react with CO2 in seawater, ultimately consuming atmospheric CO2.<\/p>\n

Could this type of large-scale carbon dioxide removal work? A closer look illustrates the potential environmental trade-offs of deploying marine carbon dioxide removal and the complex technical, economic and international governance issues it raises.<\/p>\n

Land versus ocean carbon capture and storage<\/h2>\n

We<\/a>\u00a0and<\/a>\u00a0other<\/a>\u00a0researchers<\/a>\u00a0see the ocean as a logical place to look for additional carbon dioxide removal opportunities since it currently passively absorbs about 10 gigatons (10,000,000,000 tons) of CO2 per year or about\u00a0one-quarter of the world\u2019s annual emissions<\/a>. In addition, the oceans contain vastly more carbon than the atmosphere, soils, plants and animals combined, and may have the potential to store\u00a0trillions of tons more<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change focused heavily on land-based methods for carbon capture and storage. One prominent technique is called bioenergy with carbon capture and storage,\u00a0BECCS<\/a>, where plant biomass would be burned to produce usable energy and the resulting CO2 is pumped underground.<\/p>\n

However, there are a number of concerns about the\u00a0potential negative impacts<\/a>\u00a0of large-scale deployment of BECCS and other land-plant-based methods, notably the worry that huge amounts of agricultural land would be diverted to grow dedicated crops. This could reduce access of\u00a0low-income populations to food<\/a>, place demands on\u00a0water<\/a>\u00a0and have serious negative impacts on biodiversity due to\u00a0ecosystem disruption<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Speeding up geochemistry<\/h2>\n

Perhaps the best-known \u2013 and at times,\u00a0controversial<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 method for marine carbon dioxide removal is\u00a0stimulating photosynthesis<\/a>\u00a0to increase CO2 absorption. For example, in regions where marine plant growth is limited by iron, this element can be\u00a0added<\/a>\u00a0to enhance CO2 uptake and carbon storage where at least some of the biomass carbon formed eventually sinks to and is buried in the ocean floor. Other approaches include restoring, adding or culturing marine plants or microbes, such as\u00a0Blue Carbon<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Another technique being considered is to try to\u00a0accelerate the chemical reaction of CO2 with common rock minerals<\/a>, a natural process known as\u00a0mineral weathering<\/a>. When rain reacts with alkaline rocks and CO2, there\u2019s a chemical reaction, which can be catalysed by biological activity in soils, that converts the CO2 to dissolved mineral bicarbonate and carbonate ions which then typically run off into the ocean. Mineral weathering plays a major role in removing excess atmospheric CO2, but only on\u00a0geologic time scales<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 100,000 years or more.
\n


\n\"carbon<\/div><\/p>\n

The natural process of mineral weathering starts with rain which absorbs carbon dioxide from the air and then reacts with rock and biota in soils, forming dissolved mineral bicarbonate and a much smaller quantity of carbonate ions. These then run off into the ocean where the carbon is stored in these forms for many millennia before precipitating to the ocean floor as carbonate minerals. The idea of enhanced weathering is to greatly speed up this process by adding crushed rocks or other sources of alkalinity to react with CO2 in seawater, ultimately consuming atmospheric CO2 and adding it as dissolved mineral bicarbonate and carbonate to the already very large reservoir of these compounds in the ocean.<\/p>\n

Various\u00a0ways to accelerate mineral weathering and ocean carbon storage<\/a>\u00a0that have been proposed include adding to surface waters finely ground alkaline minerals or adding common, industrially produced alkaline chemicals, such as quicklime (CaO), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and lye or caustic soda (NaOH). Once added to the ocean, these compounds react with excess CO2 in seawater and air, principally forming stable, dissolved mineral bicarbonate, thus removing and sequestering CO2.<\/p>\n

Such ocean alkalization could be achieved via distribution from shore or by ships. Another proposal is to manufacture alkalinity at sea using local marine energy sources:\u00a0for example<\/a>, employing electricity derived from the ocean\u2019s very significant vertical temperature gradient. Reacting waste CO2 with minerals on shore and then pumping the resulting dissolved alkaline material into the ocean is also an\u00a0option<\/a>. All of the preceding would simply add to the already vast bicarbonate and carbonate reservoir in the ocean.<\/p>\n

An additional benefit of ocean alkalization is that it also helps counter ocean acidification, the \u201cother CO2 problem<\/a>\u201d stemming from the ocean\u2019s absorption of excess CO2 from the air. Acidification can interfere with the ability of calcifying organisms, such as oysters, clams and corals to construct their skeletons or shells, as well as impact other pH-sensitive marine biogeochemical processes.<\/p>\n

What we don\u2019t know<\/h2>\n

The actual practical capacity of ocean alkalization to counter climate change and acidification\u00a0remains uncertain<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Considering the logistics, cost and impacts of extracting or manufacturing alkalinity and dispersing it, studies estimate that\u00a0air CO2 drawdowns<\/a>\u00a0of perhaps 30 parts per million or less might be realistic. This would be helpful given that the level of CO2 in preindustrial times was\u00a0260-270 parts per million<\/a>\u00a0and is now 410 parts per million.<\/p>\n

We calculate a global drawdown of atmospheric CO2 by 30 parts per million would require near-zero emissions from human activities, plus the removal and storage of some 470 gigatons of CO2. To achieve this, a minimum of roughly 500 gigatons of rock would need to be used to generate the required alkalinity. Current global rock extraction is on the order of\u00a050 gigatons per year<\/a>, so holding other rock uses steady while increasing this extraction rate by 50 percent could theoretically allow us to achieve the drawdown in 20 years. This obviously needs to be tested at vastly smaller scales to determine what global capacity and rates might be realisable.<\/p>\n

Nor is this just a matter of alkalinity production; there are potential negative impacts of\u00a0ocean alkalization on marine ecosystems<\/a>\u00a0that need to be considered. In addition to the\u00a0effects<\/a>\u00a0of pH and alkalinity elevation (either instantaneous or gradual), alkalinity addition would likely carry with it other elements or compounds, such as trace metals and silica, that can also affect marine biogeochemistry. Little research has been conducted on these points, but the\u00a0results so far<\/a>\u00a0generally find no or positive effects on marine life. Further investigation is needed to fully understand the environmental and ecological consequences, including conducting small and medium-sized field trials.<\/p>\n

Any deployment would need to be subjected to strict monitoring requirements to assess both the environmental benefits and well as the negative impacts of large-scale deployment. Some measure of confidence in the use of ocean alkalization might be found in the fact that natural mineral weathering and alkalinity delivery to the ocean has naturally occurred for billions of years (currently at the rate of about 1 gigaton of CO2 consumed and stored per year), apparently with the marine ecosystem well adapted to, if not requiring, this input. Nevertheless, the possibility of significantly and safely scaling up this natural process requires further research.<\/p>\n

Legal questions<\/h2>\n

At a legal level, countries would need to address international governance issues associated with this approach. Presumably, the Paris Agreement would be one of the regimes involved given its focus on addressing climate change. Any role ocean alkalinity could play in countries\u2019 pledges to mitigate emissions would require provisions that mandate assessment of potential impacts of deployment. The Paris Agreement could facilitate this given its references in various provisions to the need to assess the impacts of response measures in the context of ecosystems, sustainability, development and human rights.<\/p>\n

Ocean-focused regimes such as the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter and the\u00a0Law of the Sea Convention<\/a>, and its\u00a0Protocol<\/a>, might also seek to be engaged in assessment and regulation, as well as the\u00a0Convention on Biological Diversity<\/a>. Coordinating the potential interventions of all of these regimes\u2019 responses would be another challenge posed by deployment of ocean alkalinity, as would the many other carbon dioxide removal approaches that could have transboundary impacts.<\/p>\n

The spectre of potentially catastrophic climate change<\/a> by the end of the century has stimulated interest in an array of new technological options to remove CO2 from the ocean and atmosphere at large scale. But they could also pose risks of their own. Adding alkaline materials to speed up mineral weathering is one such approach that deserves serious consideration, though only after thorough scrutiny.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

This article is republished from\u00a0<\/em>The Conversation<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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