{"id":40077132,"date":"2019-11-01T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/china-dialogue-ocean-staging.darkbluehq.com\/uncategorized\/11308-china-shrimp-imports-ecuador\/"},"modified":"2022-02-10T23:01:26","modified_gmt":"2022-02-10T17:31:26","slug":"11308-china-shrimp-imports-ecuador","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/11308-china-shrimp-imports-ecuador\/","title":{"rendered":"Half of China\u2019s shrimp imports are from Ecuador"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Last year, Chinese online retailer Alibaba <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sh.chinanews.com\/swzx\/2018-11-11\/47727.shtml\">sold<\/a> 13.6 million Ecuadorian shrimp in the opening hour of Singles Day, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2018\/12\/04\/how-chinas-singles-day-became-the-worlds-biggest-shopping-holiday.html\">the world\u2019s largest<\/a> online shopping event.<\/p>\n<p>Chinese seafood consumption has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.undercurrentnews.com\/2018\/01\/12\/rabobank-china-to-drive-more-than-half-of-global-seafood-consumption-growth-over-next-decade\/\">surged<\/a> by 50% over the past decade, while demand for shrimp is estimated to have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aquaculturealliance.org\/content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Day1_JimAnderson.pdf\">doubled<\/a> between 2005 and 2015. To meet this growth, China has been increasingly reliant on imports, particularly after a major outbreak of disease <a href=\"https:\/\/www.undercurrentnews.com\/2019\/06\/07\/what-if-chinas-farmed-shrimp-production-is-just-400000t\/\">decimated<\/a> domestic shrimp between 2009 and 2012.<\/p>\n<p>About half of China\u2019s shrimp imports come from Ecuador, which in recent years has been positioning itself as a sustainable and high-quality shrimp source \u2013 despite China imposing <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/30661-ecuadors-economy-shell-shocked-by-china-shrimp-ban\/\">a one-week ban<\/a> in September for hygiene reasons on imports from Omarsa, Ecuador\u2019s second-largest shrimp exporter.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to lower domestic supply, imports have also been driven by China\u2019s so-called \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.alizila.com\/lifestyle-upgrade-china-imports\/\">consumption upgrade<\/a>,\u201d which has spurred demand for overseas food products perceived to be safer and better quality.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/20191101-Ecuador-shrimp-map_English.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-article-inline-full wp-image-11341\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/20191101-Ecuador-shrimp-map_English-1440x1811.png\" alt=\"ecuador map Latin America, exporter of shrimp to China\" width=\"1440\" height=\"1811\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Why is China importing so much shrimp?<\/h2>\n<p>The precise quantity of Chinese shrimp production is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.undercurrentnews.com\/2019\/06\/07\/what-if-chinas-farmed-shrimp-production-is-just-400000t\/\">notoriously difficult<\/a> to determine, due to often exaggerated official figures. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.undercurrentnews.com\/2019\/06\/07\/what-if-chinas-farmed-shrimp-production-is-just-400000t\/\">Unofficial estimates<\/a> range between 600 to 700,000 tons per year, while government agencies have reported figures of over 2 million tons.<\/p>\n<p>Everyone agrees however that domestic supply fell sharply between 2009 and 2012 due to early mortality syndrome (EMS). According to Rabobank, cited in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.undercurrentnews.com\/2019\/06\/07\/what-if-chinas-farmed-shrimp-production-is-just-400000t\/\">UCN<\/a>, Chinese production decreased from 1.2 million tons to just 500,000 tons as a result of EMS.<\/p>\n<p>Bearing a striking resemblance to the ongoing African swine fever epidemic, EMS was first reported in Southern China in 2009, before spreading rapidly to neighbouring countries including Vietnam, Malaysia and Thailand. Farmers in those countries <a href=\"http:\/\/www.responsibleaqua.org\/research-programs\/ems-2\/\">reported<\/a> stock losses of up to 90%.<\/p>\n<p>The magnitude of the EMS outbreak is partially explained by shrimp\u2019s relatively weak immune system. Biological risk also tends to be higher in Asia due to the prevalence of intensive farming methods and a large number of smallholder producers, says Aaron McNevin, Global Aquaculture Lead at the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).<\/p>\n<div class='block--pullout-stat block--pullout-stat--float cd-shortcode--factbox'>\n                <p class='block--pullout-stat__title'>61%<\/p>\n                <div class='block--pullout-stat__content'>\n                    <br \/>\nof all Ecuador\u2019s shrimp exports went to China last year<br \/>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<p>\u201cManagement of effluents is a particular challenge, as waste discharged by some farms into coastal environments is then recycled and used by other shrimp producers, increasing the risk of contagion,\u201d says McNevin.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to EMS, Chinese production has also been curbed in recent years by stricter government regulations to address <a href=\"https:\/\/www.seafoodsource.com\/news\/aquaculture\/china-s-shrimp-industry-still-leads-but-problems-loom\">water pollution<\/a>. That was in response to the fact organic waste, chemicals and antibiotics from shrimp farms often <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/industries\/farmed-shrimp\">contaminate<\/a> groundwater and coastal estuaries.<\/p>\n<p>Environmental and health concerns are exacerbated in China by the heavy use of antibiotics, to combat diseases made more likely by intensive farming, and the prevalence of smaller farms with less sophisticated approaches to managing disease.<\/p>\n<p>The resulting shortfall in China\u2019s domestic production, coupled with relentless growth in demand, has led to a spike in imports, which are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shrimpnews.com\/FreeReportsFolder\/SpecialReports\/ChinaToBecomeTheLargestShrimpImporterIn2019%20%20.html\">expected<\/a> to reach 800,000 tons in 2019 \u2013 making China the world\u2019s largest shrimp importer, ahead of the US.<\/p>\n<h2>What are the benefits of sustainable, traceable shrimp production?<\/h2>\n<p>From January to August of this year, Ecuador was by far China\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.undercurrentnews.com\/2019\/09\/26\/trade-insights-china-shrimp-imports-2-billion\/\">largest supplier<\/a> of shrimp, accounting for close to 50%, followed by India (25%) and Vietnam (4%).<\/p>\n<p>The recent growth has been driven partially by the Chinese government\u2019s December 2017 decision to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.undercurrentnews.com\/2018\/12\/04\/ecuador-ramps-up-direct-china-shrimp-sales-as-arrests-intensify\/\">reduce tariffs<\/a> on Ecuadorian shrimp from 5% to 2%, in an effort to improve traceability and reduce illegal smuggling through Vietnam.<\/p>\n<p>Imports have also been buoyed by the Ecuadorian shrimp industry\u2019s efforts to build a \u201cbrand\u201d focused on product quality and safety, in spite of recent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.undercurrentnews.com\/2019\/09\/26\/trade-insights-china-shrimp-imports-2-billion\/\">allegations<\/a> by the Chinese government that led to a suspension of some of the country\u2019s largest exporters.<\/p>\n<p>As opposed to Asian farmers who typically stock 100-1,000 shrimp per square metre in a pond, producers in Ecuador use <a href=\"https:\/\/www.undercurrentnews.com\/2019\/06\/07\/what-if-chinas-farmed-shrimp-production-is-just-400000t\/\">semi-intensive<\/a> farming methods with only 10-15 shrimp per square metre, which reduces the likelihood of disease outbreaks.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Today in Ecuador we have shrimp farms that haven\u2019t used antibiotics for 15 years<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Lower biological risk in turn means that Ecuadorian producers can avoid the antibiotics that pose <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/shrimp-antibiotics-resistance-amr-marketplace-1.5055101\">health risks<\/a> to consumers and negatively impact the environment, when discharged in waste water.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cToday in Ecuador we have shrimp farms that haven\u2019t used antibiotics for 15 years, using probiotics instead to care for animals,\u201d said Jos\u00e9 Antonio Camposano <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mundoacuicola.cl\/new\/2019\/01\/04\/jose-antonio-camposano-presidente-ejecutivo-de-la-camara-nacional-de-acuacultura-de-ecuador\/\">in a recent interview<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Ecuadorian producers have been actively touting higher sustainability and health safety practices as a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.seafoodsource.com\/seafood-expo-north-america-2018\/with-an-eye-on-india-ecuador-launches-sustainable-shrimp-partnership\">competitive advantage<\/a> over Asian producers, which have significantly lower production and transportation costs.<\/p>\n<p>In March 2018, seven of Ecuador\u2019s largest shrimp producers <a href=\"https:\/\/www.seafoodsource.com\/news\/aquaculture\/ecuadors-sustainable-shrimp-partnership-moves-forward-with-creating-shrimp-farming-standards\">launched<\/a> the Sustainable Shrimp Partnership (SSP), a certification program guaranteeing zero use of antibiotics, full traceability and zero negative impact on the environment (as shown through a water quality measure).<\/p>\n<p>In explaining why the programme was created, the SSP states that \u201cup until now the farmed shrimp sector has been a commodity market and has rewarded those with the lowest prices. In some cases, falling prices has meant farming practices have been sacrificed, often resulting in poor social practices, lower product quality, and higher use of antibiotics due to greater risk of disease outbreaks.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_11366\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11366\" style=\"width: 1000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/camarao.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11366 size-article-inline-wide\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/camarao-1000x667.jpg\" alt=\"An Ecuadorean shrimp processing plant\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11366\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Ecuadorian shrimp processing plant (Image: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cna-ecuador.com\/\">National Aquaculture Chamber<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<h2>What new standards are being set?<\/h2>\n<p>The SSP joins a number of initiatives that seek to improve production standards for meat and seafood, while also raising consumer awareness about potential environmental and health issues.<\/p>\n<p>Another is the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) launched in 2010 by the WWF. It\u2019s a non-profit that manages a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.asc-aqua.org\/what-we-do\/our-standards\/farm-standards\/\">comprehensive<\/a> aquaculture certification and labelling program, based on stringent environmental, health and social guidelines.<\/p>\n<p>The ASC has created standards for 17 seafood species that are used as a reference by farmers, consumers and businesses worldwide. The SSP <a href=\"https:\/\/www.idhsustainabletrade.com\/news\/sustainable-shrimp-partnership-launches-first-zero-antibiotic-shrimp-on-the-market\/\">requires<\/a> products meet ASC\u2019s shrimp specifications in order to be certified.<\/p>\n<p>Another program that follows ASC standards is the Global Salmon Initiative (GSI), after which the SSP is modelled. The GSI was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/stories\/spawning-a-sustainable-industry-for-farm-raised-salmon\">established<\/a> in 2013 with participation from 14 of the world\u2019s largest salmon farmers, representing 70% of global output.<\/p>\n<p>The GSI\u2019s latest Sustainability Report, which tracks six years of data across 14 indicators, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aquafeed.com\/news\/reports-articles-article\/8703\/Global-Salmon-Initiatives-Sustainability-Report\/\">highlights<\/a> a number of achievements, including a reduction in the use of chemicals to treat sea lice and a decrease in marine ingredients (such as fish meal and oil) used to feed salmon.<\/p>\n<p>The SSP\u2019s proponents are betting that similarly to salmon and other land-based proteins such as eggs and beef, consumers will become increasingly thoughtful and selective about the provenance of shrimp, and therefore drive the purchasing decision of retailers and restaurants.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe know that consumers want high-quality products produced to the highest standards and without the use of antibiotics, and we see it as part of SSP\u2019s leadership role to get the race to the top started here in Ecuador,\u201d says Camposano.<\/p>\n<p>Time will tell whether the SSP is successful in its mission. \u201cAlthough it\u2019s an important step forward in identifying important issues, the challenge with standards and certifications is that they tend to be practice based, while the focus should be on tracking and achieving outcomes,\u201d says McNevin.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Latin American country has been focussing on high-quality, sustainable shrimp production for the Chinese market<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":40067410,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[763,50039901],"tags":[40027751,50040318,20000237],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000110,50002594],"class_list":["post-40077132","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-food","category-ocean","tag-aquaculture","tag-fish","tag-sustainable-development","country-china","country-ecuador"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Half of China\u2019s shrimp imports are from Ecuador | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Latin American country has been focussing on high-quality, sustainable shrimp production for the Chinese market\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" 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