{"id":40077179,"date":"2020-08-28T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-08-27T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/china-dialogue-ocean-staging.darkbluehq.com\/uncategorized\/14750-china-wary-of-image-crisis-after-galapagos-fishing-scrutiny\/"},"modified":"2022-02-10T23:01:53","modified_gmt":"2022-02-10T17:31:53","slug":"14750-china-wary-of-image-crisis-after-galapagos-fishing-scrutiny","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/14750-china-wary-of-image-crisis-after-galapagos-fishing-scrutiny\/","title":{"rendered":"China wary of image crisis after Galapagos fishing scrutiny"},"content":{"rendered":"

The global media focus on the 340 fishing vessels \u2013 many of them Chinese \u2013 encircling Ecuador\u2019s abundantly biodiverse Galapagos Islands could prove a watershed moment in deep-sea fishing regulations.<\/p>\n

While the fleet is not new and there was no evidence of illegal activity, the increased international scrutiny of Chinese fishing, as Kunming prepares to host the UN\u2019s rescheduled biodiversity conference (COP15<\/a>) in May 2021, could sharpen Beijing\u2019s oversight of its distant-water fishing (DWF) fleet.<\/p>\n

Five economies, mainland China, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea and Spain, account for 80% of the total catch from international waters. Coastal nations have introduced catch quotas and improved the monitoring and stewardship of fisheries in their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ), which extend 200 nautical miles from their shores. However, the waters beyond remain largely unregulated.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe aggressiveness of the distant-water fishing industry threatens the delicate balance of ecosystems across the world,\u201d says Yolanda Kakabadse, a former Ecuadorean environment minister now in charge of the Galapagos\u2019 marine protection strategy.<\/p>\n

The fleet off the coast of the Galapagos Islands may not have entered Ecuador\u2019s EEZ and the vast majority of the ships used \u201cjigger<\/a>\u201d equipment to fish for squid, a technique that results in less bycatch than long-line fishing. Yet even this activity has an impact on neighbouring areas given that squid are a vital part of marine food webs.<\/p>\n

\u201cFish don\u2019t respect EEZ barriers, they migrate across them,\u201d Kakabadse says. \u201cThe Galapagos Islands host one of the richest ocean ecosystems on the planet but we have seen a decrease of shark, manta ray and turtle populations and that in turn affects bird and land species.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"china's<\/a><\/div>\n

Previously, Chinese skippers fishing in the region have been willing to flaunt laws. In 2017, Ecuador\u2019s coast guard detained<\/a> a Chinese ship containing large quantities of shark meat, including endangered hammerhead species.<\/p>\n

With no onboard observers to monitor the size of catch and the existence of by-catch, DWF has a major problem with traceability. The use of reefer vessels, which transfer the produce of dozens of vessels to port, make it difficult to identify what ships have caught.<\/p>\n

\u201cDWF is the Wild West of the fishing industry,\u201d says Milko Schvartzman, a marine conservationist who tracks the fleets. \u201cNo one knows how much is culled, the only record comes from the captains and many ships engage in IUU [illegal, unreported and unregulated]<\/a> activities. It\u2019s regular behaviour for them.\u201d<\/p>\n

One of the ships off the coast of Galapagos is the Hong Pu 16, which was detained in April after encroaching on Argentina\u2019s EEZ. According to reports from local fishermen, up to 90 ships had entered the EEZ after waiting for the coastguard to leave the area and turning off their Automatic Identification Systems (AIS).<\/p>\n

\u201cSpain obliges its distant-water fleet to keep its AIS turned on,\u201d says Schvartzman, adding that the Chinese government rarely sanctions vessels and its policies have actively supported<\/a> the rapid growth of the fleet.<\/p>\n

Under China\u2019s \u201cGoing Out\u201d strategy, adopted at the turn of the millennium to encourage the establishment and development of new overseas markets and supply lines for natural resources, fishing is identified as a strategic industry. Fuel subsidies for DWF were introduced and ever larger ships were created to \u201cbuild China into a strong maritime country<\/a>\u201d. By 2020, Chinese firms owned over 2,900 DWF vessels, 40% of the world\u2019s total DWF fleet.<\/p>\n

However, the rate of expansion has been curtailed in recent years<\/a>. China\u2019s 13th<\/sup> Five Year Plan, launched in 2016, introduced a cap of 3,000 DWF vessels.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Chinese government is under pressure around the world as a result of IUU fishing,\u201d says Wei Zhou, oceans campaigner for Greenpeace. \u201cThis has a real impact on China\u2019s reputation. Since 2017 we have seen a change in policy towards DWFs and this year revisions have been made to the regulations that result in strong punishments for IUU activities.\u201d<\/p>\n

Following media attention in August, China announced a three-month moratorium on squid catching around the Galapagos Islands. However, this could be seen as a hollow gesture since squid have already migrated out of the region. All the same, the move suggests that at the very least China wants to clean up the international image of its fleet.
\n

<\/p>\n
\"fishing
An Ecuadorian navy officer looks at a radar after a fishing fleet of mostly Chinese-flagged ships was detected in an international corridor that borders the Galapagos Islands' exclusive economic zone on August 7, 2020. (Image: Alamy)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/div><\/p>\n

\u201cThere is wisdom in the Chinese authorities,\u201d says Kakabadse. \u201cThey are part of multilateral agreements and care about their reputation and becoming a model for fishing and other topics. I believe that when they understand how damaging DWF has become they will act upon it.\u201d<\/p>\n

There are signs China is already taking concrete steps to better control its fleet. In early 2020, China introduced a raft of revisions<\/a> to its Distant Water Fishing Management regulations. These include a blacklist for ship captains engaged in IUU; better reporting; the introduction of on-board observers for trans-shipment vessels; and a legal requirement to make hourly transponder recordings.<\/p>\n

For the first time, the regulations refer to the \u201csustainable development\u201d and better control of the size of the fleet.<\/p>\n

However, implementation remains a challenge. \u201cThere is a major imbalance between the fishing capacity of Chinese companies and the ability to manage and oversee them,\u201d says Wei.<\/p>\n

Effective global regulation of the DWF industry would require greater multilateral efforts. Yet any hopes that DWF would be included in the UN agreement on marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction<\/a> appear to have been dashed, according to Schvartzman.<\/p>\n

Nor is China a signatory<\/a> to the Port State Measures Agreement<\/a> (PSMA), the international framework for tackling illegal fishing administered by the UN\u2019s Food and Agriculture Organisation. The treaty obliges countries to verify ships\u2019 registrations and close their ports to those suspected of engaging in illegal activity, precluding the offload of illicit catch.<\/p>\n

Perhaps the most promising avenue for protecting fisheries outside EEZs are Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), which are \u201ca nest for fish with the capacity to protect and replenish\u201d, according to Kakabadse.<\/p>\n

Ecuador\u2019s president Lenin Moreno has announced his plan to create an MPA that would cover the area between the Galapagos Islands and Costa Rica\u2019s Cocos Island to the north-east.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe creation of this corridor to the north of the Galapagos would hinder DWF vessels that travel up the coast and we hope that Colombia and Panama will join and expand this reserve around their own islands, to guarantee a multinational marine reserve,\u201d Kakabadse says.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Worldwide attention on the hundreds of distant-water vessels hovering outside Ecuador\u2019s EEZ has amplified calls for China to better monitor its fleet<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":40067649,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039901],"tags":[545,560,40027748],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000110,50002594],"class_list":["post-40077179","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ocean","tag-fisheries","tag-law","tag-overfishing","country-china","country-ecuador"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nChina wary of image crisis after Galapagos fishing scrutiny | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u201cThe aggressiveness of the distant-water fishing industry threatens the delicate balance of ecosystems across the world,\u201d says Yolanda Kakabadse\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" 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