{"id":40077189,"date":"2020-10-14T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-13T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/china-dialogue-ocean-staging.darkbluehq.com\/uncategorized\/15450-wet-markets-identifying-threatened-species-waste-water\/"},"modified":"2022-02-10T23:01:59","modified_gmt":"2022-02-10T17:31:59","slug":"15450-wet-markets-identifying-threatened-species-waste-water","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/15450-wet-markets-identifying-threatened-species-waste-water\/","title":{"rendered":"Hong Kong wet markets: Identifying threatened species in drain water"},"content":{"rendered":"

A researcher at Hong Kong University has developed a technique that makes it possible to identify many species from a single scoop of water draining out of wet markets. It could help authorities detect trade in endangered marine species.<\/p>\n

Hong Kong is well known as a major hub for the global trade in illegal wildlife. As well as smuggling products on, a lot of what arrives is sold in the city itself.<\/p>\n

In 2015, a group of scientists from Hong Kong University founded the Conservation Forensics Laboratory in order to provide Hong Kong\u2019s authorities with scientific tools to better investigate and prosecute wildlife and environmental crime.<\/p>\n

Headed by Professor Caroline Dingle, the laboratory now has 13 members who specialise in a wide range of disciplines, from law to coral reef ecology.<\/p>\n

Working as a research assistant with the laboratory, molecular biologist Johnny Richards developed a forensic tool that could allow the authorities to discreetly monitor Hong Kong\u2019s wet markets for the presence of endangered fish species.<\/p>\n

\n

3 billion<\/p>\n

\n the value of Hong Kong's annual seafood trade in US dollars\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

Per head, Hong Kong is Asia\u2019s second largest seafood consumer, behind only Mainland China, and most Hong Kongers regularly purchase their seafood at the city\u2019s more than 200 wet markets.<\/p>\n

In 2017, Bloom, a local NGO, together with Choose Right Today, a platform helping Hong Kongers purchase sustainable seafood, produced a report<\/a> on trade in live reef fish in the wet markets. The report showed \u201cprevalence of threatened species\u201d and called for \u201curgent and collective conservation action.\u201d<\/p>\n

Monitoring what is being traded at the wet markets is clearly critical but it isn\u2019t straightforward. \u201cTraders know what they are selling, and are wary\u201d says Richards. He mentions traders refusing to answer questions and not allowing photographs. The researchers were even chased away on several occasions, though some traders were friendly and willing to talk.<\/p>\n

The tool he has been developing does not alarm them. Nobody even comes to inspect their fish. Investigators, staying out of sight, simply collect small samples of water from drains running from the wet market. Richards collected several samples from each market in order to cover its entire area. He reasoned that the concentration of fish DNA in the drains would be highest in late morning, and timed his sampling accordingly.<\/p>\n

The smaller the amount of water needed for the tests, the faster and more discreetly it can be collected. By refining the method of extracting the DNA from the drain water, Richards reduced the amount required to \u201ca single scoop, 50 millilitres\u201d that can be collected in seconds.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"hong<\/a>
Most Hong Kongers purchase their seafood at the city\u2019s more than 200 wet markets (Image: Johnny Richards)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

The water sample will then be sent to the HKU laboratory, where the DNA is extracted and then used to identify the species that have been in contact with it, revealing what the traders have been selling.<\/p>\n

This seemingly straightforward procedure relies on advanced technology.<\/p>\n

Wet market drain water contains thousands upon thousands of DNA fragments, including from all the species sold at a typical Hong Kong market \u2013 not only fish, but also molluscs, crustaceans, pigs, cows, chickens, turtles and frogs. There will also be DNA of people, dogs and cats mixed in.<\/p>\n

Collectively, this DNA is known as eDNA, as it is obtained from environments, such as water or soil, rather than directly from the organisms.<\/p>\n

DNA testing technology used only to be capable of processing a single, well-preserved strand of a DNA molecule at one time, and so could not identify which species eDNA came from. The technology now available, however, can separate and identify multiple DNA fragments from different organisms, all at the same time \u2013 a process known as metabarcoding.<\/p>\n

Richards explains that the main technical challenge in creating his forensic tool was how to extract the DNA material from the highly contaminated drain water that he calls \u201cdrain soup\u201d. He says that filtering it was far more difficult than doing so with turbid water from rivers or lakes, probably because of the high quantity of organic solutes \u2013 lipids, oil and blood. The result was a very slow DNA filtration process, and the precipitate \u201cfull of fats, oils and other gunk.\u201d Once the DNA has been extracted, sequenced and digitised, specialised software can check it against a DNA database of known fish species.<\/p>\n

Last year, Richards did a pilot study of his tool, sampling drain water from several of Hong Kong\u2019s wet markets. His results produced a list of 144 fish species. Three were listed in Appendix II of CITES (the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Flora and Fauna) \u2013 two species of thresher shark and a shark\u2019s relative \u2013 blackchinned guitarfish.<\/p>\n

Hong Kong SAR is a signatory to CITES, and all trade in CITES-II listed species in Hong Kong requires permits. Failure to have them is a criminal offence.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Source: Customs data organized by Joyce Wu, former East Asian Director of\u00a0TRAFFIC<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

All three species of thresher sharks, harmless to humans and originally abundant world-wide, were listed by CITES in 2016, as the shark fin trade has decimated their numbers. Guitarfish have shark-like fins and are now also harvested for this commodity. Their populations world-wide have now crashed.<\/p>\n

Richards thinks that the shark DNA came from meat rather than fins, adding that he was surprised to see evidence of shark meat sold at the markets. When he consulted existing records, however, he learned that shark meat had previously been traded at the same market.<\/p>\n

Drain water also yielded DNA from 14 fish species classified from \u201cvulnerable\u201d to \u201ccritically endangered\u201d by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The \u201cvulnerable\u201d category included several species of groupers \u2013 including long tooth grouper and brown marbled grouper, delicacies sold live at wet markets in Hong Kong.<\/p>\n

Whereas CITES is a legally binding agreement, the classification by IUCN is purely advisory. Even trading in species listed as \u201ccritically endangered\u201d by IUCN has no legal consequences for the trader unless they are breaking local laws.<\/p>\n

Trade in both long tooth grouper and brown marbled grouper is legal in Hong Kong, but HKU professor Yvonne Sadovy, an expert on reef fish conservation, warns: \u201cMassive appetite for live wild-caught groupers, most of which are imported from Southeast Asia, is having devastating impacts on fish populations in some areas because of the large volumes of fish involved as well as the widespread absence of fishery management.\u201d<\/p>\n

Professor David Baker, a coral reef ecologist and supervisor of Richards\u2019 project, defines the purpose of their eDNA tool as: \u201cCollecting intelligence in a non-invasive way.\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"hong<\/a>
Water samples are sent to a laboratory, where DNA is extracted and used to identify the species that have been in contact with it, revealing what the traders have been selling (Image: Johnny Richards)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

The Lab plans to make the tool available to Hong Kong authorities after the publication, due this month, of the scientific paper based on Richard\u2019s pilot study.<\/p>\n

Amanda Whitfort, professor of law at Hong Kong University, who is also part of the Conservation Forensics Laboratory team, explains what needs to be done to put Richards\u2019 work to practical use:<\/p>\n

\u201cThe first step is to have the Food and Environmental Hygiene\u00a0Department (FEHD) agree to make this test a monitoring tool. FEHD officers will then conduct the\u00a0sampling as a\u00a0routine task\u00a0when they inspect\u00a0the wet markets. Results would then need to be shared\u00a0with the Agriculture Fisheries and Conservation Department\u2019s (AFCD) Endangered Species Division, as the AFCD would be the ones to pursue prosecutions as required.\u201d<\/p>\n

The use of eDNA as an effective tool for biodiversity detection and monitoring is growing in conservation and research. Taking it into the courtroom, however, is a different matter \u2013 unlike the DNA obtained directly from plants, animals or their products, eDNA-based forensic evidence has not yet been admitted in court in wildlife crime cases.<\/p>\n

Whitford thinks this is possible, provided that legal professionals come to understand the science behind it: \u201cThe court would need first to assess an expert\u2019s report on its scientific reliability (of eDNA evidence) and if it were considered reliable enough, it could be taken into account in determining whether the prosecution had proved their case.\u201d<\/p>\n

Perhaps Hong Kong, which has recently started to pass harsher sentences for wildlife crime, could set a legal precedent.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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