{"id":40077190,"date":"2020-10-19T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-18T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/china-dialogue-ocean-staging.darkbluehq.com\/uncategorized\/15518-ccamlr-meeting-could-expand-protection-of-antarctic-waters\/"},"modified":"2022-02-10T23:01:59","modified_gmt":"2022-02-10T17:31:59","slug":"15518-ccamlr-meeting-could-expand-protection-of-antarctic-waters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/15518-ccamlr-meeting-could-expand-protection-of-antarctic-waters\/","title":{"rendered":"Crucial meeting could expand protection of Antarctic waters"},"content":{"rendered":"

Environmental meetings this year have largely been\u00a0postponed amid the pandemic<\/a>, but a crucial one remains on the table. Twenty-five countries and the EU will meet online later this month to vote on extending protection of the Southern Ocean.<\/p>\n

The use of resources in the region is regulated by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR<\/a>). In 2002, the commission agreed to create a network of marine protected areas (MPAs), in line with UN Sustainable Development Goal 14.6<\/a> to protect 10% of the global ocean.<\/p>\n

CCAMLR member states took the first big step in 2009 when they agreed on an MPA to cover 94,000 km2<\/sup> below the South Orkney Islands. Then, in 2016, the commission successfully negotiated the world\u2019s largest marine park<\/a>, covering 1.55 million km2<\/sup> in the Ross Sea. (It\u2019s called a marine park because unlike a permanent MPA, its status will need to be renewed after 35 years.)
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\"The
The pristine, frozen environment of the Ross Sea, protected by the world\u2019s largest reserve since 2017 (Image: Andr\u00e9 Gilden \/ Alamy)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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\u201cVery few times is there an opportunity to bend history and change the trajectory. Today is an opportunity for that,\u201d said Lewis Pugh, UN patron of the oceans. \u201cNow is the time for Antarctica to be set aside for peace, science and for wildlife. When we go there, we go as guests.\u201d<\/p>\n

The proposals on the table<\/h2>\n

This year\u2019s CCAMLR meeting will be fully online and shorter than usual (26-30 October). That means less time to negotiate and no informal spaces, such as dinners and cocktail parties, to make progress in. Still, there are hopes that new protected areas will be approved.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s been difficult for countries to come to an agreement on what an online meeting actually means. They will have only a few days to negotiate instead of the usual two weeks. But the possibility of CCAMLR designating new MPAs is still there,\u201d said Andrea Kavanagh, director of Pew\u2019s Antarctic and Southern Ocean work.
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\"Penguins\"
A king penguin feeds its young (Image: Antarctica Bound <\/a> \/ Flickr, CC BY ND<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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There are three MPA proposals to be discussed. The oldest one, with the best chance of moving forward, is to protect three blocks<\/a> of ocean and ocean floor along East Antarctica, an area rich in cold-water corals and penguin foraging-grounds. It has been discussed for eight years in a row.<\/p>\n

Also on the table is the creation of a 1.8 million km2<\/sup> MPA in the area of the Weddell Sea<\/a>, adjacent to the Antarctic peninsula, which was originally proposed by the EU and then supported by other countries. If created, it would be the largest nature reserve anywhere in the world.<\/p>\n

Finally, there\u2019s a proposal by Argentina and Chile<\/a> to create an MPA to the west of the Antarctic peninsula. The area is particularly vulnerable to tourism impacts, fishing activity and global warming.
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\u201cI\u2019ve been to all three locations. They are exceptional and some of the richest and most biodiverse places left on the planet. We have no right to push the animals living there to the verge of extinction,\u201d said Pugh, who has swum in the icy waters of Antarctica. \u201cThey are the least touched areas in the world, but are still subject to big changes. Antarctica is everybody\u2019s neighbour.\u201d<\/p>\n

Antarctica\u2019s Southern Ocean comprises approximately 10% of the world\u2019s ocean and is home to some of its rarest, most vulnerable and important ecosystems. Millions of penguins, seabirds, fish, seals, whales and krill, the region\u2019s keystone species, live there and need to be further protected.
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\"Krill
Krill is a keystone species in the Southern Ocean, providing food for a wide range of Antarctica\u2019s marine animals and birds (Image: Dr Roger Hewitt<\/a> \/ NOAA,<\/a> CC BY<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Experts agree that MPAs are the best way to do so. Not moving forward with the three proposals currently under discussion could have big consequences for Antarctica\u2019s ecosystems. This is especially so considering the environmental protocol currently in place (known as the Antarctic Treaty) is expected to be reviewed after 2048.<\/p>\n

A weaker treaty could allow mining and fossil fuel extraction<\/a> in the area. Geologists estimate that Antarctica holds at least 36 billion<\/a> barrels of oil and natural gas. Setting an unhappy precedent, the continent\u2019s rich living resources are already under threat from industrial-scale fishing, compounding the damage being done by climate change. Antarctic krill populations in some areas have declined by 70-80%<\/a> over the past 40 years.<\/p>\n

Differing national stances<\/h2>\n

To create a new MPA, all 26 commission members \u2013 25 countries and the European Union \u2013 must reach consensus. This has made progress especially challenging, given the differing interests of the negotiating countries. While some want no-take MPAs (where extractive industries are banned), others want to maintain their fishing rights.
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\"A
A krill fishing vessel off the South Orkney Islands in Antarctica (Image \u00a9 Andrew McConnell \/ Greenpeace)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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China started fishing for Antarctic krill in 2009<\/a> and has rapidly expanded its activities since then. Along with Norway and South Korea, China is one of the three biggest Antarctic krill fishing nations, with Norway leading in terms of catch and processing capacity, and China leading in number of vessels.<\/p>\n

\u201cChina has an interest in expanding its fishery activities in the Southern Ocean and the new MPAs could make that difficult,\u201d said Julian Chen, a senior researcher at the Chinese environmental NGO Greenovation Hub. \u201cThere are also geopolitical issues. China is very conscious regarding long-term decisions in large areas.\u201d<\/p>\n

Still, China has recently been changing its stance regarding MPAs, according to Nengye Liu, associate professor at Australia\u2019s Macquarie Law School, moving from an opposition narrative to a more \u201cproactive\u201d one. \u201cThey now argue we need to know more about the protected areas before taking the next step. They want a research and monitoring plan,\u201d he said.
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\"Scientists
Scientists aboard the icebreaker Xuelong collect biological samples on China\u2019s 32nd expedition to Antarctica. China is strengthening its Antarctic research capabilities with the construction of a new base on the Ross Sea, its fifth in the region. (Image: Zhu Jichai \/ Alamy)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Creating a network of marine reserves in Antarctica offers the opportunity to conserve and study largely untouched natural areas, experts agree. Although they do little to reduce the effects of climate change, MPAs can help ensure other activities don\u2019t exacerbate the impacts.<\/p>\n

Protection efforts go beyond the Antarctic, with civil society organisations and experts calling for 30%<\/a> of the global ocean to be protected by 2030 \u2013 an objective they consider crucial to safeguarding biodiversity. Currently, only a little over 7.5% of the ocean<\/a> is protected by MPAs.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe have a responsibility to act. Whether a country is a member of CCAMLR or not, every nation is an Antarctic nation. What happens there in preserving biodiversity and the climate system affects us all in a positive or negative direction,\u201d said Jose Maria Figueres, former president of Costa Rica and founder of the Oceans Unite Initiative.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hopes are high this month\u2019s CCAMLR meeting will extend Southern Ocean protection, despite pandemic disruption<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":40067722,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039901],"tags":[50041633,519,40027778,569],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-40077190","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ocean","tag-antarctica","tag-climate-impacts","tag-marine-protection","tag-negotiations"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCrucial meeting could expand protection of Antarctic waters | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hopes are high this month\u2019s CCAMLR meeting will extend Southern Ocean protection, despite pandemic disruption\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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