{"id":40077200,"date":"2021-01-14T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-01-13T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/china-dialogue-ocean-staging.darkbluehq.com\/uncategorized\/16031-coral-scientists-help-climate-change\/"},"modified":"2022-02-10T23:02:06","modified_gmt":"2022-02-10T17:32:06","slug":"16031-coral-scientists-help-climate-change","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/16031-coral-scientists-help-climate-change\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Move, adapt or die\u2019: could scientists help corals survive climate change?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Corals rely on symbiotic algae to provide most of their food via photosynthesis. At the same time, the coral protects the algae within the tissues beneath its hard limestone skeleton, and exhales carbon dioxide that fuels further photosynthesis. Ocean warming threatens this ancient symbiotic cycle mainly by disturbing the algae species, which tend to be less heat tolerant than the coral itself.<\/p>\n

A one-month spike in temperature of 1 or 2C above the typical maximum for a region can be enough to force coral to expel their algae symbionts<\/a> \u2013 which also give coral most of their extraordinary colour. If such a bleaching event lasts too long, a coral may starve to death. In recent years, mass bleaching events have been increasing<\/a> in regularity and severity. This is so concerning<\/a> because coral reefs sustain a quarter of all marine life and the livelihoods of up to a billion people<\/a>.<\/p>\n

As for the corals living in the warming oceans<\/a>, Dr Shelby McIlroy, research professor at Hong Kong University\u2019s (HKU) Swire Institute of Marine Science (SWIMS), describes their remaining options as \u201cmove, adapt or die\u201d.<\/p>\n

\n

80%<\/p>\n

\n of China's coral reefs have been lost since the 1950s\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

Movement is already happening<\/a>. In Asia, corals have been going north. There are now coral communities off the Korean coast and in Tokyo Bay, both previously too cold for them to survive.<\/p>\n

Associate Professor David Baker, a coral ecologist at SWIMS working with McIlroy, suggests that scientists in mainland China and Hong Kong are in the ideal position to assist corals in their migration, by physically moving them out of the warming tropical waters before it is too late.<\/p>\n

\u201cChina is one of the few places on Earth with an extensive coastline that bridges the tropical and the temperate seas, and HKU is amongst a number of Chinese institutions with expertise in coral reef ecology. As climate change progresses, local and national authorities can work together to help accelerate the northern expansion of corals from the South China Sea,\u201d Baker said.<\/p>\n

Though China has lost 80%<\/a> of its coral reefs since the 1950s, it is making concerted efforts<\/a> to revive them.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Dr<\/a>
Corals collected in the field are given time to acclimatise in aquariums before McIlroy\u2019s team begin using them in experiments (Image: Jon Cybulski)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

A role for \u2018probiotics\u2019?<\/h2>\n

Another option, says McIlroy, is selective breeding, also known as assisted evolution, to help corals adapt to rising temperatures. This is the same process that has given us our breeds of domestic cats, dogs and goldfish, not to mention most food crops. But corals grow and reproduce much slower than pets, and the tropical seas are warming fast. \u201cBreeding corals to withstand higher temperatures may not leave us enough time,\u201d says McIlroy.<\/p>\n

A faster option, says McIlroy, may be the use of \u201cprobiotics\u201d \u2013 adding cultures of more heat-tolerant symbiotic algae to the corals.<\/p>\n

In the wild, algae are taken up from the surrounding sea water and different species can exist in the same body of coral. McIlroy\u2019s team have found that rather than being neighbourly, these different species may \u201cbully\u201d each other while jostling for resources. Unfortunately for the corals, it is the algae that can withstand higher temperatures that are being \u201cbullied\u201d.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Galaxea<\/a>
A closer view of octopus corals (Galaxea fascicularis<\/em>) in the SWIMS lab (Image: Jon Cybulski)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

One of the main bullies is a species called Cladocopium goreaui<\/em>. Under optimal temperatures, around 30C, this species suppresses other algae, including the more thermally tolerant Durusdinium trenchii<\/em>.<\/p>\n

McIlroy calls Durusdinium<\/em> a \u201cbackground\u201d symbiont \u2013 under normal temperatures it accounts for only around 5% of the total algal biomass within a coral.<\/p>\n

Unlike Durusdinium<\/em>, Cladocopium<\/em> cannot handle high temperatures. When they exceed 30C its growth slows, and Durusdinium<\/em> emerges from the background, expanding in the tissues of coral and kickstarting it back to life. McIlroy calls it the \u201clast man standing \u2013 Durusdinium<\/em> pop up where everything else can\u2019t be.\u201d<\/p>\n

The problem is that once the temperature has gone back down, Cladocopium<\/em> returns and pushes Durusdinium <\/em>back, deep into the tissues of coral, making it vulnerable to overheating again.<\/p>\n

Targeting coral larvae<\/h2>\n

Can scientists enable coral to resist high temperatures by shifting the balance of its algae to thermally tolerant varieties like Durusdinium<\/em>? Can this be done by \u201cinoculating\u201d coral with a culture of algae that will be able to withstand the \u201cnew normal\u201d of higher temperatures?<\/p>\n

McIlroy thinks this is doable: \u201cDurusdinium<\/em> are in lots of different corals and lots of different environments, and the idea of probiotics for corals is gaining traction. It was first suggested in 2006 by Israeli scientists, to combat coral diseases.\u201d<\/p>\n

But she warns that the process would not be as simple as just \u201cdumping Durusdinium<\/em> into the ocean over the reefs\u201d. This is because the algal community in adult coral is hard to manipulate, so it is the coral larvae that should be seeded with probiotics.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe must take advantage of the larval step, when they are most flexible in what algae they take up. This is the window \u2013 about 10 weeks \u2013 before one or another symbiont takes over. The window gets smaller when corals are adults. You can seed coral with algae early on, and then they are available to (adult) coral later,\u201d she explains.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"McIlroy<\/a>
Cultures of different algae are cultivated in the SWIMS lab for experimental inoculation of symbiotic corals (Image: Jon Cybulski)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Once the coral has been seeded with the thermally tolerant algae, another challenge appears: maintaining the desired species ratio within the coral. It is still not known what factors affect the ratio, nor if coral itself can regulate it.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe can get the algae in, but we do not know how to control their ratios and abundances. I think coral has some control over it, but there is not much direct evidence for it yet. This is something I will be looking at in the future using isotopically labelled food to see if the coral can feed one type of algae more than the other,\u201d says McIlroy.<\/p>\n

She goes on to explain it may be possible to target coral larvae in the wild, releasing thermally tolerant species of algae at the time of coral spawning.<\/p>\n

But she thinks a better option is to collect the larvae and inoculate them in tanks, where they can then settle on artificial tiles and form colonies. Once these colonies have grown to a suitable size, the tiles and the coral can be transplanted to form new, thermally tolerant, ocean reefs.<\/p>\n

SWIMS\u2019 scientists are pioneers in coral restoration using 3D-printed clay tiles that are seeded with coral fragments of selected species, and then placed on the seabed. The tiles\u2019 purpose-designed structure protects the coral seedlings from predators such as sea urchins. Last year, SWIMS launched a project<\/a> funded and co-managed by Hong Kong\u2019s Agriculture Fisheries and Conservation Department, placing 128 such tiles in the Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park.<\/p>\n

The two methods could be blended, says McIlroy. In order not to depend on annual spawning events, \u201cwe can collect live coral fragments and bleach them in the lab, but not to death. Then we can add different kinds of algae to water and they start to repopulate the coral.\u201d The inoculated fragments can then be seeded onto 3-D printed tiles and transplanted back into the sea.<\/p>\n

Yet despite the potential of coral probiotics, McIlroy calls it a \u201cband-aid\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe oceans continue to get hotter and hotter, and there will be a temperature maximum even for thermally tolerant symbionts. Unless we start to reverse the causes of climate change, in 50-100 years we will see a total collapse of coral ecosystems,\u201d she warns.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Scientists at Hong Kong University are asking whether assisted evolution and \u2018probiotics\u2019 could help corals live in warming waters<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":40068066,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761,50039901],"tags":[17827,523,50040313],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000110,50040727,50040702],"class_list":["post-40077200","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","category-ocean","tag-climate-adaptation","tag-conservation","tag-coral-reefs","country-china","country-japan","country-south-korea"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u2018Move, adapt or die\u2019: could scientists help corals survive climate change? | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Scientists at Hong Kong University are asking whether assisted evolution and \u2018probiotics\u2019 could help corals live in warming waters\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/16031-coral-scientists-help-climate-change\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u2018Move, adapt or die\u2019: could scientists help corals survive climate change?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Scientists at Hong Kong University are asking whether assisted evolution and \u2018probiotics\u2019 could help corals live in warming waters\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/16031-coral-scientists-help-climate-change\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Dialogue Earth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-01-13T18:30:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-02-10T17:32:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Dr-Shelby-McIlroy-checking-on-coral-Galaxea-fascicularis-whose-symbiotic-algae-are-being-chaged-in-the-lab-as-part-of-experimental-work-Credirt-Jon-Cybulski-scaled-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1463\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/16031-coral-scientists-help-climate-change\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/16031-coral-scientists-help-climate-change\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\",\"@id\":\"\"},\"headline\":\"\u2018Move, adapt or die\u2019: could scientists help corals survive climate change?\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-01-13T18:30:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-02-10T17:32:06+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/16031-coral-scientists-help-climate-change\/\"},\"wordCount\":1316,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/16031-coral-scientists-help-climate-change\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Dr-Shelby-McIlroy-checking-on-coral-Galaxea-fascicularis-whose-symbiotic-algae-are-being-chaged-in-the-lab-as-part-of-experimental-work-Credirt-Jon-Cybulski-scaled-1.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Climate adaptation\",\"Conservation\",\"Coral reefs\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Climate\",\"Ocean\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/16031-coral-scientists-help-climate-change\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/16031-coral-scientists-help-climate-change\/\",\"name\":\"\u2018Move, adapt or die\u2019: could scientists help corals survive climate change? 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