{"id":40090226,"date":"2021-09-30T16:57:05","date_gmt":"2021-09-30T11:27:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/china-dialogue-ocean-staging.darkbluehq.com\/uncategorized\/19012-the-huiwen-wetlands-balancing-conservation-and-aquaculture\/"},"modified":"2022-02-10T23:02:36","modified_gmt":"2022-02-10T17:32:36","slug":"19012-the-huiwen-wetlands-balancing-conservation-and-aquaculture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/19012-the-huiwen-wetlands-balancing-conservation-and-aquaculture\/","title":{"rendered":"The Huiwen wetlands: balancing conservation and aquaculture"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The Huiwen wetlands stretch 15 kilometres along the northeast coast of Hainan, from Bamen bay next to the city of Wenchang down to Fengjia bay. (The name, used locally, comes from the nearby town of Huiwen.) Varying in width from one to four kilometres, the wetlands include large areas of tidal flats and mangrove swamp, which are protected at the provincial level by the Qinglan Mangrove Reserve. They are rich in biodiversity, home to several species of mangrove and over 340 types of mangrove mollusc. And over the winter, they host huge flocks of migratory birds, including endangered species such as Nordmann\u2019s greenshank.<br \/>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19018\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19018\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19018 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/A-crab-scuttles-through-the-mud-in-the-Qinglan-Mangrove-Reserve-DSC09891_2560px-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A crab scuttles through the mud in the Qinglan Mangrove Reserve \" width=\"2000\" height=\"1334\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19018\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crab scuttles through the mud at low tide in the Qinglan Mangrove Reserve (Image: Tao Xing \/ ChinaBlue Sustainability Institute)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>For years, the Qinglan reserve was also home to numerous aquaculture farms, mainly growing a species of sea snail called <em>Babylonia lutosa. <\/em>But in June this year, all 84 of the farms were removed for falling foul of China\u2019s \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/13710-shenzhen-bay-dredging-scandal-and-ecological-redlines\/\">ecological redline<\/a>\u201d rules against aquaculture in natural reserves.<br \/>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><br \/>\n<iframe class=\"flourish-embed-iframe\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 775px;\" title=\"Interactive or visual content\" src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/7382731\/embed\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-scripts allow-downloads allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 100%!; margin-top: 4px!important; text-align: right!important;\"><\/div>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>The management of Huiwen\u2019s environment has been a focus since 2017, when the Central Supervision Office of Ecological and Environmental Protection <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mee.gov.cn\/gkml\/sthjbgw\/qt\/201712\/t20171223_428535_wh.htm\">criticised<\/a> the unregulated development of aquaculture in Hainan. The farms within the Qinglan Mangrove Reserve were specifically mentioned for damaging \u201cshelterbelts\u201d that protect against coastal erosion and storm surges. The following year, the Hainan Department of Agriculture\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/agri.hainan.gov.cn\/hnsnyt\/xxgk\/tzgg\/xztz\/201906\/P020190626616349091470.pdf\">plan<\/a> for shallow waters and tidal flats gave new urgency to bringing aquaculture and effluent management up to government standards. This will be supported by the <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/18133-chinas-five-year-plan-for-marine-environment\/\">14th Five Year Plan for the marine environment<\/a> \u2013 due to be released later this year \u2013 of which the Ministry of Ecology and Environment\u2019s \u201cBeautiful Bays\u201d campaign is a key part.<br \/>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19028\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19028\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-19028 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/aquaculture-along-the-Huiwen-coast-1L2A4397_2560px-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"aquaculture along the Huiwen coast \" width=\"2000\" height=\"1334\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19028\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Much of the early development of aquaculture along the Huiwen coast happened with very little regard for the natural environment. There are better ways of doing things though. A little further south in Qionghai, this concrete tank was built by the local government to treat wastewater from the nearby sea snail farm before it\u2019s pumped back into the sea. (Image: Sun Nuo \/ China Dialogue Ocean)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>Standards are particularly high for the stretch of tropical coast where the Qinglan Mangrove Reserve lies, as Hainan is a demonstration province for China\u2019s \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/15633-healthy-ocean-key-chinas-ecological-civilisation\/\">blue ecological civilisation<\/a>\u201d. Beyond simply removing fish and snail ponds to restore the wetlands, the local government is also keen to find a new balance between conservation and aquaculture. The farmers will be relocated to plots in designated areas or new \u201caquacultural buildings\u201d where wastewater is handled centrally. Elsewhere, artificial wetlands are being created to filter effluent from the farms.<br \/>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19035\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19035\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19035\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Babylonia-lutosa-sea-snail-in-a-new-aquaculture-park-in-Huiwen_1L2A3551_2560px-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Babylonia lutosa sea snail in a new aquaculture park in Huiwen\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1334\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19035\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ponds for the <em>Babylonia lutosa<\/em> sea snail in a new aquaculture park where some of the farmers removed from the Qinglan reserve are likely to be relocated (Image: Sun Nuo \/ China Dialogue Ocean)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<h2>A textbook tropical coastline<\/h2>\n<p>As well as mangrove swamps, the Huiwen wetlands also boast coral reefs and seagrass meadows. This variety of coastal ecologies makes Huiwen rare, with some describing it as a \u201ctextbook tropical coast\u201d. In 2016, it was designated one of the \u201c10 coastal wetlands most worthy of attention\u201d by the Chinese Academy of Sciences\u2019 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, as well as by other bodies.<br \/>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19050\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19050\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19050\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/shellfish-in-Qinglan-Mangrove-Reserve-DSC00005_2560px-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"shellfish in Qinglan Mangrove Reserve \" width=\"2000\" height=\"1334\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19050\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Traditional fishers have long dug for shellfish in the muddy shallows of the Qinglan Mangrove Reserve (Image: Tao Xing \/ ChinaBlue Sustainability Institute)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>But this coastline also suits aquaculture, which needs clean water and stable temperatures. The Hainan Aquaculture Institute built the town of Huiwen\u2019s first aquaculture farm back in 1989, producing shrimp larvae. That prompted other similar operations to start up within the town\u2019s administrative area (which covers about half of the Huiwen wetlands), and it soon became famous for shrimp breeding. At one point, the monetary value of shrimp larvae bred in the town accounted for 30% of China\u2019s total.<br \/>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19032\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19032\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19032\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/aquaculture-in-Huiwen-DJI_0801_2560px-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"aquaculture in Huiwen \" width=\"2000\" height=\"1316\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19032\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Huiwen town\u2019s aquaculture farmers typically use most of their land to build ponds. The roofs help shade the animals inside from the tropical sun. (Image: Sun Nuo \/ China Dialogue Ocean)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>Farmers didn\u2019t, and still don\u2019t, need a huge amount of money to get in on the action. While the farms within the Qinglan Mangrove Reserve have been removed, aquaculture sheds and ponds still line many roads in Huiwen town, often taking over both the front and back yards of people\u2019s homes.<br \/>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19022\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19022\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19022\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/A-farmer-feeding-his-Babylonia-lutosa-snails-1L2A4276_2560px-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A farmer feeding his Babylonia lutosa snails \" width=\"2000\" height=\"1334\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19022\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A farmer feeding his <em>Babylonia lutosa<\/em> snails (Image: Sun Nuo \/ China Dialogue Ocean)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>Huiwen town\u2019s aquaculture is now well established, involving a thousand local households farming over 10,000 <em>mu<\/em> (6.7 square kilometres). The need to draw and discharge water means that all these operations remain close to the sea. Tidal flats, shallow waters and harbours have all been put to use, with farmers growing not just shrimp and the <em>Babylonia lutosa <\/em>snail but also grouper and other fish.<\/p>\n<h2>Aquaculture vs the environment<\/h2>\n<p>All this development has put pressure on water quality and the environment. The farmers lay long pipes out into the sea, drawing in cool water, ideally from a depth of about nine metres. Similar pipes are used to pump waste back into the ocean.<br \/>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19024\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19024\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19024\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/A-mass-of-pipes-stretch-across-Huiwens-tidal-flats-DSC09225_2560px-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A mass of pipes stretch across Huiwen\u2019s tidal flats \" width=\"2000\" height=\"1315\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19024\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mass of pipes stretches across Huiwen\u2019s tidal flats to pump seawater into nearby aquaculture farms (Image: Sun Nuo \/ China Dialogue Ocean)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>Unlike brightly coloured industrial effluent, the outflow from aquaculture operations doesn\u2019t look polluted. In Yandun, an aquacultural village within Huiwen town\u2019s borders, the wastewater is actually crystal clear. Juvenile fish that have escaped with the water swim unperturbed among the river reeds.<br \/>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19037\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19037\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19037\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/fish-in-the-river-running-through-Yandun-village-GOPR1663_2560px-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"fish in the river running through Yandun village\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19037\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Escaped fish survive quite happily in the river running through Yandun village (Image: Tao Xing \/ ChinaBlue Sustainability Institute)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>But this water contains large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous that can cause eutrophication, an excess of nutrients. The effluent, discharged directly into the sea or arriving via Huiwen\u2019s two rivers, means coastal water quality is not always up to standard.<\/p>\n<p>Worse, the Qinglan reserve farmers dug channels for their water pipes across tidal flats, in the process damaging areas of seagrass. A paradise for bottom-dwellers, <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/15310-seagrass-meadows-oases-of-life\/\">seagrass meadows<\/a> provide food and habitats for numerous coastal species. But large expanses of the Huiwen wetland\u2019s meadows \u2013 once home to half of Hainan\u2019s seagrass species \u2013 have already disappeared. Now there are only scattered patches, usually of a single type of the grass.<br \/>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19045\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19045\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19045\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Huiwen-wetlands-Seagrass_2560px-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Huiwen wetlands Seagrass\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19045\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seagrass meadows provide a safe habitat and spawning ground for marine species (Image: Lin Shuhao)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>Wastewater pollution from the aquaculture farms creates problems for the farmers too. Given the density of farms in Huiwen town, once wastewater is discharged, it\u2019s understandable that other farms end up pumping some of the pollution back into their own ponds. If the wastewater contained pathogens, disease can spread quickly.<\/p>\n<p>A local farmer explained that they \u201craise two to three crops of shrimp larvae a year, but disease can cause the loss of several consecutive batches\u201d. The cost of electricity for pumping water alone can be up to 10,000 yuan (US$1,500) a month. So if disease strikes, losses soon mount.<br \/>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19052\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19052\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19052\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Wastewater-from-densely-packed-aquaculture-farms-in-Yandun-village-DJI_0792_2560px-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Wastewater from densely-packed aquaculture farms in Yandun village\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19052\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wastewater from densely packed aquaculture farms in Yandun village is discharged directly into the local river (Image: Sun Nuo \/ China Dialogue Ocean)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<h2>\u2018Modernising\u2019 local aquaculture<\/h2>\n<p>With the criticism it meted out in 2017, the Central Supervision Office of Ecological and Environmental Protection also ordered changes. The clean-up started in ecological redline areas where development is, officially, strictly banned. Work to remove aquaculture and restore mangrove swamps got underway across the province.<\/p>\n<p>Since 2019, almost 10,000 <em>mu<\/em> (6.7 square kilometres) of aquaculture has been removed across the administrative area of Wenchang city, including the 84 aquaculture operations in the Qinglan Mangrove Reserve.<br \/>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19030\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19030\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19030\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/aquaculture-farms-have-now-been-removed-from-the-Qinglan-reserve-1L2A3665_2560px-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"aquaculture farms have now been removed from the Qinglan reserve \" width=\"2000\" height=\"1334\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19030\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Although the aquaculture farms have now been removed from the Qinglan reserve, the farmers are still living in the houses they built there. The barren plots where their ponds used to be have been planted with sea hibiscus saplings. (Image: Sun Nuo \/ China Dialogue Ocean)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>The removal of the snail farms in the reserve left barren patches of earth between the mangroves and the tidal flats. In an effort to speed the area\u2019s recovery, the local government has planted sea hibiscus saplings. These trees are known as a \u201csemi-mangrove\u201d species because they can survive close to the ocean and are resistant to salt and waterlogging.<\/p>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_19039\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19039\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19039\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/fishing-in-Huiwen-1L2A3633_2560px-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"fishing in Huiwen\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1334\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19039\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">To supplement their incomes now their farms have been removed, the farmers have started fishing. This child is examining a crab his father caught. (Image: Sun Nuo \/ China Dialogue Ocean)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<p>Although left without their farms, the farmers have not been abandoned. Some of them will be relocated by the government to a nearby \u201cmodern aquaculture park\u201d, still under construction and specially designed for the purpose. Their ponds will be housed in three-storey buildings, filled from a centralised pumping system.<br \/>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19048\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19048\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19048\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Seagrape-a-seaweed-is-already-being-farmed-in-Huiwen_1L2A3558_2560px-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Seagrape, a seaweed, is already being farmed in Huiwen\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1334\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19048\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seagrape, a kind of seaweed, is already being farmed for demonstration purposes in the new aquaculture park (Image: Sun Nuo \/ China Dialogue Ocean)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>The farming of larvae and juvenile fish requires the cleanest water, with constant pumping in and out. Wastewater is fed into a treatment pond outside the building, where it goes through several stages of filtration, which means it will easily meet Hainan\u2019s aquaculture effluent discharge standards. The plan is to try using the processed water to farm adult shrimp and shellfish, which can cope with lower levels of purity.<br \/>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19026\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19026\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19026\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/A-wastewater-treatment-pond-in-the-new-aquaculture-park-in-Huiwen-DJI_0547_2560px-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A wastewater treatment pond in the new aquaculture park in Huiwen\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19026\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wastewater treatment pond in the new aquaculture park (Image: Sun Nuo \/ China Dialogue Ocean)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>But the new aquaculture park has one big problem: expense. It currently houses only <a href=\"http:\/\/wenchang.hainan.gov.cn\/wenchang\/22276\/202106\/1acdeeca90384b2d8091c71138acd06d.shtml\">four tenants<\/a>, all in its demonstration building. They are farming a variety of species \u2013 including seaweeds \u2013 to experiment with this new system of \u201cvertical\u201d indoor aquaculture.<br \/>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19020\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19020\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19020\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/A-digger-works-on-an-artificial-wetland-in-Yandun-1L2A4054_2560px-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A digger works on an artificial wetland in Yandun \" width=\"2000\" height=\"1334\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19020\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A digger works on an artificial wetland in Yandun, which it\u2019s hoped will treat effluent from the village\u2019s 320 aquaculture farms (Image: Sun Nuo \/ China Dialogue Ocean)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, in nearby Yandun, the farmers are trying another method to handle the effluent from their 320 aquaculture operations. Artificial wetlands are being engineered next to the river, into which wastewater is currently pumped. They will be planted with seagrape and <em>Gracilaria<\/em> seaweeds, which are good at removing things like nitrogen and phosphorous. This will be coupled with the chemical removal of pollutants. Once complete, it\u2019s hoped the wetlands will be able to fully filter the million cubic metres of effluent the farms produce every day, and ensure the water leaving the village meets government standards.<br \/>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_19041\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19041\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19041\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Huiwen-wetlands-DJI_0743_2560px-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Huiwen wetlands\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-19041\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">With new controls on aquaculture and efforts to find sustainable ways to develop, there is hope for Huiwen\u2019s precious wetlands (Image: Sun Nuo \/ China Dialogue Ocean)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>These efforts, and others in the wider Wencheng area, mean new hope for the protection and restoration of Huiwen\u2019s precious wetlands. They also show how hard China is working to find sustainable ways to develop \u2013 ways that can accommodate both nature and human activity.<\/p>\n<p>This August saw the completion of a five-year process to divide China\u2019s shallow waters and tidal flats into areas where aquaculture is banned, restricted or permitted. The upcoming 14th Five Year Plan for the marine environment is likely to set new quality requirements for both water and seafood products. As such, it\u2019s hoped that in the next five years we will see further improvements in both the sustainability of aquaculture and the coastal environments on which it relies.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Efforts to restore a protected wetland area in Hainan previously damaged by aquaculture could provide lessons in sustainable development for the rest of China<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":40089872,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039901],"tags":[40027751,511,523,608],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000110],"class_list":["post-40090226","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ocean","tag-aquaculture","tag-biodiversity","tag-conservation","tag-wetlands","country-china"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast 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