{"id":40090259,"date":"2021-10-11T09:34:24","date_gmt":"2021-10-11T04:04:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/china-dialogue-ocean-staging.darkbluehq.com\/uncategorized\/19232-four-tuna-species-show-signs-of-recovery-from-overfishing\/"},"modified":"2022-02-10T23:02:38","modified_gmt":"2022-02-10T17:32:38","slug":"19232-four-tuna-species-show-signs-of-recovery-from-overfishing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/19232-four-tuna-species-show-signs-of-recovery-from-overfishing\/","title":{"rendered":"Four tuna species show signs of recovery from overfishing"},"content":{"rendered":"

In September, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) announced<\/a> some surprisingly good news. Four of the seven most commercially fished tuna species that appear on its Red List of Threatened Species<\/a> are showing signs of recovery from overfishing.<\/p>\n

That led the IUCN to update in its annual red list the status of the Atlantic bluefin from \u201cendangered\u201d to \u201cleast concern\u201d. The southern bluefin went from \u201ccritically endangered\u201d to \u201cendangered\u201d while the yellowfin and albacore moved from \u201cnear threatened\u201d to \u201cleast concern\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cBut that doesn’t mean that we should go out and eat more fish just because these species are doing better than they were 10 or 15 years ago,\u201d says Beth Polidoro, the red list coordinator for the IUCN group that reassessed the tuna species.<\/p>\n

What it does mean is that efforts to manage tuna fisheries more sustainably appear to be working, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, where most tuna is fished.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe should learn from what we\u2019re doing right and do it in more parts of the world across all stocks and species,\u201d says Polidoro, an associate professor of environmental chemistry and aquatic conservation at Arizona State University in the United States. She notes that tuna species such as the Pacific bluefin remain severely depleted, with the current population equalling less than 5% of the biomass it contained before commercial fishing began.<\/p>\n

Experts caution that the IUCN reassessment must be understood in context and not used to press for higher catch quotas for particular stocks of tuna, a long-lived and highly migratory top predator.<\/p>\n

Assessing tuna\u2019s extinction risk<\/h2>\n

The IUCN red list evaluates the risk of extinction for the global population of a species.<\/p>\n

Scientists reviewed tuna stock assessments from regional fisheries, data from scientists and independent organisations, as well as peer-reviewed studies, to estimate changes in population over three tuna generations.<\/p>\n

Such global surveys, however, can mask declines in regional populations of tuna species that are commercially fished, according to Polidoro and Grantly Galland, a senior officer with the Pew Charitable Trusts international fisheries programme who focuses on tuna.<\/p>\n

For instance, they say, the IUCN reassessment found improvements in the population of yellowfin tuna, prompting the change in its status from near threatened to least concern. \u201cThat\u2019s for the global species, but the population of yellowfin in the Indian Ocean is very poorly managed, and is approaching the point of potential collapse there,\u201d says Galland.<\/p>\n

Polidoro notes the same is true for Atlantic bluefin, whose status moved from endangered to least concern.<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s driven primarily by the increase in the population that\u2019s found in the Mediterranean Sea, which is actually 80%, more or less, of the global population,\u201d she says.
\n

<\/p>\n
\"Fishing
A French purse seiner vessel loads skipjack and yellowfin tuna attracted by a fish aggregation device in the Indian Ocean. Grantly Galland of Pew Charitable Trusts says the population of yellowfin tuna in the region is reaching the point of potential collapse. (Image \u00a9 Jiri Rezac \/ Greenpeace)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/div><\/p>\n

However, Polidoro notes, the Gulf of Mexico\u2019s population of Atlantic bluefin \u201cis doing quite poorly. It has never really recovered from overfishing in the 1960s and 70s.\u201d<\/p>\n

The IUCN reassessment also upgraded Pacific bluefin from vulnerable to near threatened.<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s not because it\u2019s doing better per se<\/em>, but because there\u2019s now better data that showed the status of the population,\u201d says Polidoro. \u201cSo it\u2019s limping along at a very, very low population size compared to historical levels.\u201d<\/p>\n

Where tuna are doing better<\/h2>\n

The Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission<\/a> (WCPFC) regulates the region\u2019s US$5 billion fishery, setting catch quotas for albacore, bigeye, Pacific bluefin, skipjack and yellowfin tuna. China operates the largest tuna fleet in the region, according to commission records.<\/p>\n

Observers do not expect the IUCN reassessment to result in a change in catch limits set by the WCPFC and other RFMOs.<\/p>\n

\n

What is an RFMO?<\/p>\n

\n
\nRegional fisheries management organisations regulate fishing activities in regions of the high seas. Most of these international bodies have powers to set catch and fishing limits and govern either highly migratory species such as tuna, or mixed fish populations in a specific area. \n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\u201cThey all have their own science, their own scientists and they don\u2019t make substantial changes in their operations based on species being down-listed or up-listed, as they manage at the population level not the species level,\u201d says Galland.<\/p>\n

WCPFC science manager SungKwon Soh said in an email that he could not comment on the IUCN reassessment of tuna species but noted that commission members \u201ctake their own initiative to conduct quota allocation and management practices\u201d.<\/p>\n

Galland, who closely follows the WCPFC and other RFMOs, attributes the apparent recovery of some tuna species to polices the regional fisheries bodies have implemented over the past decade to more sustainably manage commercial fish stocks.
\n

<\/p>\n
\"Fishermen
Fishers in the Maldives catch skipjack tuna in the Indian Ocean. The pole-and-line method is considered one of the most sustainable ways to catch tuna. (Image \u00a9 Paul Hilton \/ Greenpeace)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/div><\/p>\n

\u201cFortunately, in the case of tunas, they are generally pretty well managed, and generally in pretty good status,\u201d he says of the WCPFC.<\/p>\n

Even so, pressure is building for the WCPFC to take more aggressive action to ensure the long-term sustainability of tuna stocks.<\/p>\n

The Marine Stewardship Council<\/a> (MSC) certifies the sustainability of tuna caught by WCPFC fisheries and others around the world. It is a crucial label of approval, given that the commission oversees half the world\u2019s commercial tuna catch. Of all MSC-certified tuna, 73% is from the central and western Pacific.<\/p>\n

In July, the MSC issued a statement<\/a> warning that the commission\u2019s tuna fisheries risked losing their certification unless the WCPFC made substantial progress in adopting \u201charvest strategies<\/a>\u201d \u2013 a set of rules and objectives designed to ensure the sustainability of tuna stocks by altering catch limits as conditions change.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe stocks are in healthy shape, and that\u2019s why it\u2019s important to put in these harvest strategies now when tuna species are not up against the wall and it hasn\u2019t become a crisis,\u201d says Bill Holden, a senior MSC tuna fisheries outreach manager based in Sydney, Australia.<\/p>\n

Soh said he expects the commission to take up the MSC\u2019s concerns at its virtual meeting in December.<\/p>\n

The impact of the pandemic and climate change<\/h2>\n

The absence of in-person meetings during the Covid-19 pandemic has slowed progress on adopting harvest strategies, according to Holden.<\/p>\n

The pandemic has also upended monitoring of tuna fishing<\/a> as, in April 2020, the WCPFC suspended requirements that fishery observers be onboard vessels to deter\u00a0illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing<\/a>. In August this year, the commission extended<\/a> the suspension until 15 December, but noted that vessel operators may choose to place observers onboard at their discretion if they follow safety protocols.<\/p>\n

Holden says observers are a key source of real-time data on fisheries, and the decline in coverage during the pandemic \u2013 some Pacific island nations\u2019 borders remain closed \u2013 will impact the completeness of stock assessments in the coming years.<\/p>\n

\u201cObservers are very good at collecting data and we know that the data is very reliable,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

The sustainability of fisheries depends on collecting such data to assess changes in population and reproductive rates of fish stocks. That\u2019s always difficult when it comes to tuna, given that the fish migrate over vast distances. But climate change will make the task even more complicated, according to Polidoro.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s really going to mess up fisheries,\u201d she says, noting that rising ocean temperatures could alter tuna reproduction and migration patterns.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt is a challenge to estimate population sizes for things that you can\u2019t necessarily count individual by individual,\u201d she adds. \u201cAnd so keeping track of where the tuna are and what population they belong to is going to become increasingly challenging over the next couple of decades.\u201d<\/p>\n

Additional research by Regina Lam.<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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