{"id":40090294,"date":"2021-10-29T15:35:05","date_gmt":"2021-10-29T10:05:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/china-dialogue-ocean-staging.darkbluehq.com\/uncategorized\/19638-peru-defends-nasca-ridge-paper-park-allows-industrial-fishing\/"},"modified":"2022-02-10T23:02:43","modified_gmt":"2022-02-10T17:32:43","slug":"19638-peru-defends-nasca-ridge-paper-park-allows-industrial-fishing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/19638-peru-defends-nasca-ridge-paper-park-allows-industrial-fishing\/","title":{"rendered":"Peru defends \u2018paper park\u2019 that allows industrial fishing"},"content":{"rendered":"

In 2019, the Peruvian government announced<\/a> it would establish two new marine protected areas in its waters by 2021: the Nasca Ridge National Reserve off Peru\u2019s southwest coast; and the Grau Tropical Marine Reserve to the north of the country.<\/p>\n

The aim was to conserve the great biodiversity of these areas and enhance their social, economic and natural value. It also meant that Peru would be moving the dial on the international commitment, made in 2010 under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, to have at least 10% of the ocean covered by protected areas by 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The idea for the Grau Tropical Marine Reserve dates back to 2016. This 1,160km2<\/sup> zone, where the Equatorial and Humboldt currents converge, is home to more than 70%<\/a> of the species found in Peru\u2019s waters. However, its creation has stalled due to opposition from some fossil fuel companies, who fear losing their exploitation rights in 10 nearby oil lots.<\/p>\n

When the Nasca Ridge reserve was created in June<\/a> this year, it increased the protected proportion of Peru\u2019s waters from 0.48% to 6.5%. The reserve covers<\/a> some 62,400km2<\/sup>, including an underwater mountain range known as the Nasca Ridge, along which over 1,100 species have been recorded. Thirty-two of them are of commercial importance (including squid, perico, bonito, horse mackerel, blue shark, swordfish, yellowfin tuna and mackerel), and 30 of them \u2013 such as the blue whale and leatherback turtle \u2013 are classed by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) as vulnerable or endangered. Forty-one percent of the fish and 46% of the invertebrates are endemic, meaning they are found nowhere else in the world. It is also a transit point in the long migrations of some species such as the humpback whale, and is home to deep-sea life such as cold-water corals and cod.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Pacific
The Pacific leatherback turtle is one of 30 vulnerable or endangered species that are known to frequent the Nasca Ridge underwater mountain range (Image: Doug Perrine \/ Alamy)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

So there were clearly good reasons to create the park, but ensuring it effectively protects wildlife is another matter. \u201cPeru had no protected areas in the sea, the Nasca Ridge National Reserve is the first,\u201d says Fabiola Mu\u00f1oz, the country’s former environment minister. \u201cHowever, part of the problem of conceptualising or creating these protected areas has to do with the fact that there are other uses. We still haven\u2019t incorporated this idea of multiple uses of the territory that collaborate with each other and don\u2019t compete with each other.\u201d<\/p>\n

A paper park?<\/h2>\n

The Nasca Ridge is one of the two most recently established marine protected areas in Latin America, the other being Panama\u2019s Coiba Mountain Range Marine Protected Area.<\/p>\n

While Coiba is seen as a great achievement, protecting 30% of Panama\u2019s waters \u2013\u00a0an area almost the same size as Panama\u2019s mainland \u2013 the Peruvian reserve has attracted heavy criticism<\/a>. Unlike other marine reserves<\/a> \u2013 where all resource extraction is normally prohibited \u2013 fishing activities are still allowed in the Nasca Ridge reserve, as long as they do not impact natural areas such as the seamounts.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"marine<\/a>
Graphic: Ed Harrison<\/a> \/ China Dialogue Ocean<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

According to the environmental organisation Oceana, fishing permits have been given<\/a> at the request of the National Fisheries Society (SNP) and the National Society of Industries of Peru.<\/p>\n

\u201cFor a long time, industrial fishing has coexisted, and will continue to coexist, peacefully with nature,\u201d says SNP president Cayetana Aljov\u00edn.<\/p>\n

Cod fishing is allowed in the Nasca Ridge area because, according to the National Service of Natural Protected Areas of Peru (SERNANP): \u201cThere is no evidence that these activities can generate significant impacts on the seamounts.\u201d<\/p>\n

The decree that created the marine reserve stated that this fishery is of an exceptional nature and must not compromise the seamounts or the seabed. Fishing must be done with gear that guarantees the objective of conservation and goes no deeper than 1,800 metres.<\/p>\n

However, for Juan Carlos Riveros, Oceana\u2019s scientific director, cod fishing has other consequences. \u201cRays, chimaeras and other deep-sea resources that we know very little about or that may even be threatened are also being caught,\u201d he says. \u201cLess than 8% of the total national cod catch is caught in the reserve. It made no sense to leave the cod fishery open at that rate, which is about 14-15 tonnes per year.\u201d<\/p>\n

In the opinion of former minister Mu\u00f1oz, dialogue between the fishing sector, scientists and government is needed to deepen the relationship and to understand how the sector conceives the issue of management in the new protected area. \u201cI think these are elements that could be perfected along the way so that we don\u2019t have the perception that this is just a [protected area on paper],\u201d she says.<\/p>\n

How will small-scale fishers be affected?<\/h2>\n

Small-scale fishing associations are concerned about the new status of the area, believing it will jeopardise their work.<\/p>\n

According to the National Association of Fishing Shipowners, thousands of direct and indirect jobs linked to the extraction, processing and sale of anchovy and squid in the area could be affected, as they will not have permits to work there. Merardo Vite Zeta, its president, stresses that the squid fishery is \u201cthe main fishery for human consumption in Peru\u201d. If small artisanal vessels cannot fish in the area, he asks, \u201cwhat will we live on?\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Fishing
Small-scale fishers have expressed concerns that the establishment of the Nasca Ridge National Reserve could jeopardise their access to a vital food source (Image: Mark Bowler \/ Alamy)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Fidel Periche, president of the Multisectoral Committee for the Defence of the Fishing Sector of Sechura Bay, points out that the El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a climatic phenomena, which change the temperature of the waters in the central and eastern parts of the tropical Pacific, have displaced ocean animals to different areas of Peru\u2019s waters.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnchoveta move along the coast in search of their habitat and usually take refuge in the south, precisely in the area of the Nasca Ridge National Reserve, so our boats have to move towards that part of the coast to extract them and catch their fishing quota,\u201d he explains.<\/p>\n

Alfonso Miranda, president of the Committee for the Sustainable Management of the Giant Squid (CALAMASUR), which has a presence in Chile, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru, calls the creation of the reserve a \u201cfarce\u201d. He thinks there are no real state policies to protect marine biodiversity and says that the coastal maritime border, where the greatest biodiversity of the Peruvian sea is found, is not being protected. \u201cWe are creating a natural marine protected area on paper,\u201d he complains.<\/p>\n

Who will protect the protected area?<\/h2>\n

Mu\u00f1oz points out that when the state creates a natural protected area, it is obliged to give resources to the National Service of Natural Protected Areas (SERNANP) to look after it.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe navy is the one in charge of watching over the Peruvian sea. However, the sea is very large and the navy does not have the capacity to monitor and protect it as a whole. But by creating a marine protected area, it is being given a priority. This gives SERNANP the possibility of providing resources for the protection of this portion of the sea,\u201d Mu\u00f1oz explains.<\/p>\n

For the time being, studies still need to be carried out to find out what this marine area really contains. As Mu\u00f1oz says, it is a step forward and, based on the Nasca Ridge Reserve, Peru should go ahead and create the Grau Tropical Marine Reserve, as well as protect other marine areas.<\/p>\n

This would be in line with a target that scientists and campaigners are pushing<\/a> to have included under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, which is currently being revised as part of the COP15 UN biodiversity meeting. Namely, to increase ocean protection from 7% to 30% by 2030.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Graphic: Ed Harrison<\/a> \/ China Dialogue Ocean<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Marine protected areas are an effective tool to restore ocean biodiversity<\/a> and ecosystem services. They complement conventional fisheries management and contribute to climate change<\/a> mitigation.<\/p>\n

A Chinese translation of this article will be available soon.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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