{"id":40091619,"date":"2022-04-13T16:18:03","date_gmt":"2022-04-13T15:18:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogueocean.net\/?p=91619"},"modified":"2022-07-20T10:50:08","modified_gmt":"2022-07-20T09:50:08","slug":"can-green-corridors-tackle-shippings-giant-carbon-footprint","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/can-green-corridors-tackle-shippings-giant-carbon-footprint\/","title":{"rendered":"Can \u2018green corridors\u2019 tackle shipping\u2019s giant carbon footprint?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

At last year\u2019s COP26 climate summit in Glasgow, 22 countries, including the UK, US, Germany and Japan, signed up to the Clydebank Declaration<\/a>, announcing their intention to establish various zero-emissions shipping routes known as \u201cgreen corridors\u201d. By 2025, the aim is to have set up at least six such corridors, which would each run between two or more ports. By 2030, it is hoped many more routes will be operational.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ships emit over 1 billion tonnes of greenhouse gases every year, or just under 3% of global emissions, according to the International Maritime Organization<\/a>, the UN body responsible for shipping. Without further action, shipping emissions are projected to rise by at worst 30% by 2050, compared to 2008 levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3%<\/p>

Ships are responsible for just under 3% \u2013 over 1 billion tonnes \u2013 of global greenhouse gas emissions each year<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Global shipping emissions need to reach net zero by mid-century to achieve the Paris Agreement goals. To date, the IMO has set an emissions reduction target of just 50% by 2050<\/a> compared to 2008 levels, which campaigners say is insufficient to help limit global heating to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dissatisfied by the IMO\u2019s slow decision-making, countries are taking matters into their own hands by establishing green corridors. These aim to accelerate the uptake of zero-emissions fuels on vessels travelling between major shipping hubs and establish the necessary regulation, infrastructure and technology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIn practice, you\u2019re creating a special economic zone,\u201d said Aparajit Pandey, shipping lead at the Energy Transitions Commission. \u201cIt\u2019s a targeted area where fuel production and port infrastructure can be built up super quickly and efficiently and where safety procedures and regulations can be put in place.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreements between countries and ports will allow governments to provide targeted support to an industry that is otherwise governed internationally by the IMO, Pandey said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The green corridors will allow countries to identify which decarbonisation solutions are scalable, said Katherine Palmer, shipping lead on the UN High-Level Climate Champions team. They are a \u201ctestbed\u201d that provide \u201can evidence base to show policymakers what is possible,\u201d she said. \u201cThey give them confidence in what can be done.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Challenges for green corridors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

One of the major challenges facing the shipping industry is that zero-emissions fuels are currently not cost competitive. An average carbon price of just under US$200 per tonne of CO2 is needed to bridge the competition gap and fully decarbonise the shipping industry by 2050, according to analysis<\/a> by the University Maritime Advisory Services (UMAS), which is partnered with University College London\u2019s (UCL) Energy Institute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere\u2019s no incentive to switch to new fuels and build zero-emissions vessels now. Declarations like Clydebank are trying to create those incentives but they are not enough in themselves,\u201d said Aoife O\u2019Leary, a long-time IMO observer and head of Opportunity Green, a non-profit focusing on international climate issues, including shipping. \u201cBut they will help build up momentum for policy that can make it happen,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The green corridors aim to incentivise the uptake of zero-emissions fuels<\/a> by putting pricing mechanisms in place. This could be in the form of subsidies initially, such as feed-in tariffs, and eventually through carbon pricing, said Palmer. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

The two fuels that will power green corridors are methanol and \u201cgreen\u201d ammonia, which are both deemed to be zero-carbon if they are generated from renewable sources. \u201cIn the near term, methanol is the better fit because there\u2019s availability, but in the long term, green ammonia is likely to be the fuel of choice for decarbonising the shipping industry,\u201d said Pandey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The cost to build new vessels and convert existing ones to run on methanol is significantly lower<\/a> than for alternative zero-carbon fuels. Ammonia, which is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, contains no carbon and so does not emit any CO2<\/a> when used to fuel an internal combustion engine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zero-emissions vessels will also require huge amounts of new infrastructure to produce and store the fuels and allow ships to refuel at ports. And the production of sustainable fuels must ramp up. Currently less than 0.2 million tonnes of renewable methanol<\/a> is produced annually and ammonia production relies heavily<\/a> on fossil fuels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Both methanol and ammonia are derived from hydrogen, so countries will need to invest in electrolysers and renewable energy capacity, mainly wind and solar, to produce these fuels, as well as battery and hydrogen storage, said Pandey. Most of this will have to be built at or near the participating ports, as hydrogen is costly to transport.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

China skips declaration but joins first corridor<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

China is the world\u2019s largest shipbuilder<\/a> and the country with the largest shipping fleet<\/a>, but noticeably did not sign up to the Clydebank Declaration in Glasgow. Xiaoli Mao, a senior researcher on the marine programme team at the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), said this fits with China\u2019s view that plans to reduce maritime emissions should be decided under the IMO rather than the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, which convened COP26.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe anticipate that China will focus on improving energy efficiency of its fleet, but we do hope they consider measures to transition to low-carbon shipping fuels and zero-emission vessels,\u201d Mao said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite not joining the declaration, China is participating in the first green corridor. The ports of Los Angeles and Shanghai agreed in January to work on developing a plan<\/a> for a zero-emission route by the end of 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Trans-Pacific corridor, as it is known, is the world\u2019s busiest cargo route. In 2020, ships moved 31.2 million 20-foot unit containers<\/a> \u2013 21% of the world\u2019s total \u2013 across the Pacific Ocean. Katherine Palmer said the corridor has strong first-mover potential because it carries out liner trade, which means goods are transported along a fixed route on a regular schedule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Similar initiatives are being explored. A working paper by the ICCT<\/a> analysed the technical feasibility of a zero-emissions container corridor running on hydrogen fuels cells between Shenzhen and Long Beach, a similar but longer route than LA\u2013Shanghai. It concluded that 99% of the voyages it studied \u2013 all those that travelled the route in 2015 \u2013 could be powered by hydrogen, \u201cwith only minor changes to fuel capacity or operations\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One vital change is the need for ports to identify refuelling points en route, as alternative fuels do not have the range of fossil fuels, said Elise Georgeff, an associate researcher on the ICCT\u2019s marine programme team. For the Shenzhen\u2013Long Beach route, she points to the Aleutian Islands, off the coast of Alaska, as a natural halfway point for refuelling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More corridors under consideration<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

It is still early days for the green corridor concept but work to identify and promote other potential routes is underway. These include the Australia\u2013Japan iron ore corridor and the Asia\u2013Europe container corridor, according to the \u201cNext Wave: Green Corridors\u201d report<\/a>, published by the Global Maritime Forum and World Economic Forum and co-authored by Pandey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Australia\u2013Japan corridor is one of the largest dry bulk trade routes, with 65 million tonnes of iron ore exported annually between the countries. Australia is already investing heavily in hydrogen and has announced plans to build 29 gigawatts of electrolyser capacity by 2030, much of it near major ports, the report notes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Iron<\/div>
Sixty-five million tonnes of iron ore are exported between Australia and Japan each year. Australia is investing heavily in hydrogen production capacity, much of it near major ports such as Port Hedland. (Image: Adrian Wojcik \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Asia\u2013Europe corridor is among the largest shipping routes in the world and is currently responsible for generating more emissions than any other trade route. It has multiple potential refuelling ports across the regions en route that make it suitable for being a green corridor, with more than 60 gigawatts of announced hydrogen electrolyser capacity by 2030, according to the report.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pandey also points to the large cast of cargo owners and companies that are \u201ceager to reduce their emissions\u201d along the route. \u201cThat could be really helpful in setting up a green corridor,\u201d he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Palmer said that more intra-European green corridors should be expected within the next decade. The European Union has been leading the way in decarbonising its shipping industry through a range of measures, including a sustainable fuel mandate<\/a> within the EU and the inclusion of maritime emissions<\/a> in the bloc\u2019s emissions trading scheme (ETS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Could the IMO get side-lined? \u201cThere is a significant role for the IMO going forward in regulating shipping internationally and around the long-term goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from shipping,\u201d Palmer believes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to O\u2019Leary, green corridors can help build momentum for action at the IMO, which moves more slowly as it operates by consensus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe more green corridors we see, the more the IMO will do, and the more national and regional governments will move forward with policy,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere\u2019s this whole ecosystem that is starting to come together. It\u2019s really great to see it coming to fruition.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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