{"id":40092978,"date":"2023-02-01T14:24:23","date_gmt":"2023-02-01T14:24:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogueocean.net\/?p=92978"},"modified":"2023-03-03T15:16:33","modified_gmt":"2023-03-03T15:16:33","slug":"what-next-for-wetlands","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/what-next-for-wetlands\/","title":{"rendered":"What next for wetlands?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Wetlands have long suffered from an image problem. Various descriptors such as bog, swamp, marsh and mudflat do not conjure glamorous locations. Oceans and rainforests tend to grab the conservation headlines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cPeople don\u2019t understand them, or they\u2019re seen as wastelands, rather than something to cherish,\u201d says Richard Hearn, international policy and advocacy manager at the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT), a UK-based conservation body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAlso, the conservation community probably hasn\u2019t banged the drum hard enough for wetlands in the past,\u201d he adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, a concerted push by advocates resulted in their recognition in targets set by the new global biodiversity framework<\/a>, agreed at UN biodiversity talks in Montreal in December. Governments have now pledged to ensure that by 2030, 30% of degraded wetlands are under effective restoration and 30% of wetlands are protected. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Their importance for minimising and adapting to climate change has also been recognised in UN climate texts, as well as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Peatlands, for example, which form half of the world\u2019s wetlands, store twice<\/a> as much carbon dioxide as all of its forests. Wetlands can also absorb excess rainfall and tidal surges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Under threat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The rising awareness of these ecosystems, which include salt marshes, mudflats, rivers, mangroves and lakes, could not come soon enough. They cover around 1.6 billion hectares, according to the latest global assessment<\/a> by the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. That is about 3% of the planet\u2019s surface, yet they are home to 40%<\/a> of its species, according to the IUCN.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They store almost one-third<\/a> of global soil carbon. And they support the livelihoods of over one billion people<\/a> through activities such as fishing and rice farming, according to conservation NGO Wetlands International.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

35%<\/p>

of wetland ecosystems have been lost since 1970<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

But wetlands are in trouble. Around 35% of wetland ecosystems have been lost since 1970, buried under development, drained for agriculture, or, in the case of peatlands, dug up and used for fuel or compost, according to Ramsar\u2019s global assessment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pollution from multiple sources, including microplastics, runoff from fertilisers, antibiotics, and chemicals, is a newer but rising threat. \u201cThe pollution that we see in our wetlands is becoming more and more complex. There\u2019s a deadly cocktail of elements in these waters,\u201d according to Dr Ritesh Kumar, director of Wetlands International South Asia. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, climate change is leading to a net loss of wetland area as a result of drying, desertification and coastal erosion. Ocean acidification and rising sea surface temperatures are exacerbating existing threats, the assessment states.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

WWF\u2019s latest Living Planet Index<\/a> estimated that around 25% of all wetland species are at threat of extinction, with an even higher proportion for freshwater biodiversity, at 83%.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Countries can put a site under protection, but there is not a very robust method for following up<\/blockquote>Elisabeth Bernhardt, coordinator for the Global Adaptation Network at UNEP<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe\u2019re losing these water bodies faster than other ecosystems, and we\u2019re losing the biodiversity even faster,\u201d says Elisabeth Bernhardt, coordinator for the Global Adaptation Network at the UN Environment Programme (UNEP).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wetlands are unique among ecosystem types in that they have their own convention. Ramsar<\/a> was established in 1971 to drive more sustainable use. Countries signing up to the treaty \u2013 which now number 172<\/a> \u2013 are obliged to put forward at least one wetland to the Ramsar network, a designation that commits them to maintain its ecological condition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are currently over 2,400 Ramsar sites<\/a> around the world. They cover over 250 million hectares, an area larger than Mexico. However, the designation is no guarantee. Ramsar\u2019s own report states that half of its sites are being damaged by agriculture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Yaks<\/div>
Yaks observed on a train to Tibet (Image: Yuriy Rzhemovskiy<\/a> \/ Unsplash<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

One example of poor management is the Dona\u00f1a national park<\/a> in southern Spain, which is not only a Ramsar site but also a World Heritage site, UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, and EU Special Protection Area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite these designations, scientists have warned<\/a> that the park, whose marshlands, dunes and lagoons are used by many threatened migratory bird species, is facing a \u201cdeath sentence\u201d from unregulated groundwater pumping by farms producing strawberries and blueberries year-round in huge greenhouses. While the Spanish government has opposed the water extraction, the regional government of Andaluc\u00eda has approved its legalisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bernhardt points to the voluntary nature of the Ramsar commitments. \u201cCountries can put a site under protection, but there is not a very robust method for following up… I don’t think that Ramsar has capacity at the moment to really measure and monitor the implementation of commitments.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Specific targets for wetlands under the Global Biodiversity Framework, Sustainable Development Goals and national climate commitments can help fill this hole, she says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ramsar also lacks its own financial mechanisms, leaving countries to use their own funds, points out Kumar. \u201cThere have been around 350 resolutions and recommendations taken in the last 14 Ramsar meetings. Implementation for all that cannot come from national budgets,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, commentators praise the convention for keeping wetlands on the international agenda. \u201cThe biggest leverage for getting wetlands in the Global Biodiversity Framework was having a resolution from Ramsar asking parties to consider wetlands systematically,\u201d Kumar said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

New approach<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Now that wetlands have increased status in UN environment agreements, countries will need to work out how best to implement their protection and restoration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is scope to expand the list of those designated under Ramsar to meet the target to protect 30% of wetlands, according to Hearn. \u201cRamsar has its own criteria for identification of internationally important wetlands, so it may be that some wetlands don\u2019t meet those and need to be protected in other ways, but getting as many as possible designated under Ramsar would be beneficial.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He cautions that some degraded wetlands are already protected, so it is vital to avoid creating more \u201cpaper parks<\/a>\u201d, where there is no proper management or enforcement on the ground.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Given the depletion of wetlands worldwide, the restoration target may be more important than that for protection, he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Chilika<\/div>
The restoration of Chilika Lake on the east coast of India has increased fisheries catch by around six times (Image: Somnath Chatterjee \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Kumar notes a growing need for wetland restoration to help climate mitigation and adaptation, which lies outside conventional conservation circles, and believes this will require a different approach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt will not be just about doing restoration for species conservation, but about doing restoration with an endpoint in sectoral outcomes, such as reduced disaster risk, better carbon stocking, and better climate adaptation,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To achieve this, better governance will be essential, he says. \u201cThe science part is easy, the ecology is very robust. But we need to clear up decision-making systems to make them inclusive. There are people depending on the wetlands in most of the landscapes that I work in, so the development context needs to be taken into account.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

Kumar gives Chilika Lake, a coastal lagoon on the east coast of India, as a restoration example. It was declared dead in the 1990s after losing its connection to the sea. Around 20 years ago, Wetlands International started working with the government to restore the sea link. Irrawaddy dolphins increased from around 20 to 150 and seagrass beds have increased six-fold to 12,000 hectares.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chilika\u2019s restoration has also increased fisheries catch by around six times, benefitting the livelihoods of around two million people. An economic analysis found that every rupee the government spent on restoration resulted in at least seven rupees of benefits to fisheries, tourism and carbon capture, according to Kumar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Political buy-in was vital to the success of this restoration project, he says. \u201cWhen the chief minister says in a meeting that Chilika is his asset, and a societal asset, and no nonsense will be allowed, the rest of it is solved,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This new context for wetland restoration could also expand sources of finance. UNEP is advocating for wetlands to receive more funding for nature-based solutions for both climate adaptation and mitigation<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhen we crack that nut, and really understand the carbon storage potential of wetlands, and how we cannot afford to lose them, or let them dry up, I think we\u2019ll see that push,\u201d says Bernhardt.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A new era for wetland restoration and protection could be on the cards for these long-overlooked ecosystems<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1072,"featured_media":40092991,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[764],"tags":[511,523,608],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-40092978","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nature","tag-biodiversity","tag-conservation","tag-wetlands"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhat next for wetlands? | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A new era for wetland restoration and protection could be on the cards for these long-overlooked ecosystems\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/what-next-for-wetlands\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What next for wetlands?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A new era for wetland restoration and protection could be on the cards for these long-overlooked ecosystems\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/what-next-for-wetlands\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Dialogue Earth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-02-01T14:24:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-03-03T15:16:33+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/20230201_Dengie-mudflats_Ned-Pennant-Rea_China-Dialogue.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Lushan Huang\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/what-next-for-wetlands\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/what-next-for-wetlands\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Lushan Huang\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/0c346145d8caa19f208165af1cb3210b\"},\"headline\":\"What next for wetlands?\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-02-01T14:24:23+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-03-03T15:16:33+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/what-next-for-wetlands\/\"},\"wordCount\":1370,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/what-next-for-wetlands\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/20230201_Dengie-mudflats_Ned-Pennant-Rea_China-Dialogue.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Biodiversity\",\"Conservation\",\"Wetlands\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Nature\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/what-next-for-wetlands\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/what-next-for-wetlands\/\",\"name\":\"What next for wetlands? 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