{"id":40093182,"date":"2023-04-04T11:43:51","date_gmt":"2023-04-04T10:43:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogueocean.net\/?p=93182"},"modified":"2023-06-20T18:06:36","modified_gmt":"2023-06-20T17:06:36","slug":"black-carbon-the-low-hanging-fruit-for-cleaner-shipping","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/black-carbon-the-low-hanging-fruit-for-cleaner-shipping\/","title":{"rendered":"Black carbon: The \u2018low-hanging fruit\u2019 for cleaner shipping"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Shipping is a highly polluting industry. Between 2007 and 2012, it was responsible for roughly 3%<\/a> of global greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use and industrial processes, or around one billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ship exhaust may also contain \u201cblack carbon\u201d \u2013 sooty particles that absorb sunlight and trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. Black carbon rapidly accelerates ice melt when it lands, by darkening surfaces and thus reducing how much sunlight they reflect. At the same time it poses a serious health risk to coastal communities. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Environmental groups say this climate and health threat could easily be eradicated if ships were forced to use cleaner fuels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The impact on warming<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Black carbon is produced when ships burn heavy fuel oil, which is \u201ca hazardous, toxic tar-like fuel\u201d, says Andrew Dumbrille, an advisor to both the Clean Arctic Alliance, a group of 20 nonprofits, and to the Inuit Circumpolar Council, which represents all Inuit from Alaska, Canada, Greenland and Chukotka on internationally important matters. \u201cIt is literally the stuff at the bottom of the barrel,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYou have to heat it up to use it\u2026 it\u2019s like burning tar, one could walk on it,\u201d he says. \u201cOur global trade system is enabled by this highly polluting by-product fuel.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Black carbon emissions are responsible for around 20%<\/a> of the shipping industry\u2019s climate impact over a 20-year period, according to the Clean Arctic Alliance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is \u201cespecially damaging, and has a disproportionate impact, when it is released in or near the Arctic,\u201d says Sian Prior, lead adviser to the alliance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Arctic is already warming almost four times faster than the global average, at 0.73C per decade compared to the global average of 0.19C per decade between 1979\u20132021, according to a 2022 study<\/a> by Finnish researchers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhen black carbon settles in the polar environment\u2026 the surface starts absorbing more and more heat because it\u2019s dark,\u201d says Prior. \u201cSo you lose the albedo effect<\/a>, which is the reflectivity of the snow and the ice.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Black<\/div>
A glacier in Iceland. When black carbon settles on ice, the darker surface absorbs more heat (Image: Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

This leads to a vicious cycle of warming. Less sea ice means more open, dark ocean which absorbs more heat and accelerates temperature rise, not just in the Arctic but worldwide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSome of that warming is going to be transported further south,\u201d says Pam Pearson, director of the International Cryosphere Climate Initiative. \u201cSo a warmer Arctic also translates into warmer mid-latitudes because of black carbon.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If the Arctic sea ice melts completely during the summer, there is going to be \u201cso much more sea level rise and extreme weather globally,\u201d says Pearson.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A 2021 report<\/a> by the Climate Crisis Advisory Group warned that the Arctic is \u201cground zero\u201d for cascading climate impacts across the planet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rising temperatures there are leading to warmer ocean temperatures<\/a> and shifts in atmospheric circulation, and are expected to weaken the jet stream<\/a>, leading to more extreme weather<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The impact on Arctic communities<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe melting of sea ice is [causing] global climate disruption, but also local, cultural disruption,\u201d says Dumbrille. Black carbon\u2019s impact is already being felt by indigenous communities living in the Arctic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are serious health risks associated with exposure to black carbon. A component of fine particulate matter, black carbon has been linked to lung and heart disease<\/a> and can impair cognitive<\/a> and immune functions<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBlack carbon is changing our culture,\u201d says Lisa Koperqualuk, vice president international of the Inuit Circumpolar Council.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She explains that the rapid melting of ice is drastically changing the Inuit way of life by delaying harvesting seasons and making it more difficult for communities to travel. \u201cWe call the ice our highway,\u201d she says. \u201cWe use it to travel and to go hunting on the edge of the sea ice.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"An<\/div>
An Inuit resident of Nain Bay, Canada checks real-time measurements of sea ice thickness along ice highways. The data is collected from buoys and electromagnetic sensors installed as part of a climate adaptation programme used by over 30 Inuit communities. (Image: Melissa Renwick \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"View<\/div>
In the same town on Canada\u2019s frozen northeast coast, Katie Winters scores Arctic char to make pitsik<\/em> (dried fish). There are fears that black carbon could contaminate seafood, the main food source for Inuit communities. (Image: Melissa Renwick \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

There are concerns that black carbon could contaminate the main food source for Inuit communities, seafood, according to Koperqualuk. \u201cThe migration patterns of animals could also change [as the ocean warms] because there are some marine mammals that follow colder waters,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe Arctic is a very important area to protect and to keep as pristine as possible, not only for our culture, but for the [entire] world,\u201d says Koperqualuk. \u201cThe Arctic is linked to the rest of the globe. So protecting it is protecting the world as well.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The rise (and fall?) of black carbon<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Between 2015 and 2019, the Arctic saw an 85%<\/a> rise in black carbon due to increased shipping traffic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBlack carbon emissions are increasing because there are more and more ships going to the Arctic. In recent years, there have been more oil tankers and bunker carriers going to the Arctic,\u201d says Prior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maritime traffic grew by 25%<\/a> between 2013 and 2019, while the distance covered by ships in the region increased by 75%<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"An<\/div>
An icebreaker tows a cargo ship through ice close to the Yamal liquified natural gas plant on Russia\u2019s Arctic coastline. As climate change melts more sea ice, routes open up for more ships, which in turn emit more planet-heating gases. (Image: Valerii Kadnikov \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The increase in shipping traffic in the Arctic is \u201cvery much related to the loss of sea ice,\u201d says Prior. The ice is also \u201cforming later in the year and melting earlier,\u201d she says. This means that more ships are able to sail for longer periods in the Arctic region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It\u2019s leading to a \u201creally nasty feedback loop,\u201d says Pearson. \u201cAs you lose more sea ice, you get more ships, more emissions, [and] less sea ice.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is an easy way to rapidly cut black carbon emissions, according to environmental groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If all ships using heavy fuel oil were to switch to a cleaner distillate fuel (similar to diesel) there would be an immediate reduction of around 44% in black carbon emissions from these ships, according to the Clean Arctic Alliance<\/a>. If all ships also installed diesel particulate filters, which capture soot, black carbon could be reduced by over 90%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Black carbon could rapidly disappear from the atmosphere if regulations were introduced<\/blockquote><\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Black carbon is a short-lived climate pollutant with a lifespan of just a few days or weeks<\/a>, whereas CO2 can remain in the atmosphere for 300 to 1,000 years<\/a>. This means that black carbon could rapidly disappear from the atmosphere if regulations were introduced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBlack carbon could be resolved very quickly, which is why we call it the \u2018low hanging fruit\u2019,\u201d says Prior. \u201cWhereas with carbon dioxide you\u2019ve got a very potent warming gas that is staying in the atmosphere for hundreds of years.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If the European Union required ships sailing in the Arctic to switch from bunker fuels to cleaner distillate fuels, it would reduce their black carbon emissions in Arctic waters by 50\u201380%, according to analysis<\/a> by the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
The cargo ship Kota Santos during \u201cbunkering\u201d \u2013 refuelling with heavy fuel oil \u2013 at Piraeus port, Greece. Switching to distillate fuel and installing pollution filters would cut black carbon emissions from ships by 90%, according to the Clean Arctic Alliance. (Image: Joachim Affeldt \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Technically, it is easy for ships to make the switch. \u201cIt\u2019s seen as an overnight solution, because ship engines can run, and already do run, on both heavy bunker fuel and lighter distillate fuel,\u201d says Dumbrille.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMost engines can just switch between the fuels. In fact, they often do already,\u201d says Prior. \u201cShips often use the lighter diesel fuels in the coastal waters, and then switch over to the heavy fuels when they\u2019re offshore.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But uptake of distillate fuels is lagging due to cost. They are more expensive due to higher demand (especially from road vehicles) and because they require more refining, says Dumbrille.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s about twice as expensive to use the cleaner fuel,\u201d says Bryan Comer, who leads the marine programme at the ICCT.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The need for stronger regulations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Regulations are needed to force ship operators to switch to distillate fuel. In November 2021, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the UN body overseeing shipping, adopted a resolution urging ship operators to switch to cleaner fuels in the Arctic in a bid to reduce black carbon emissions. But it was a voluntary measure, which relied on governments to introduce supportive policies. Environmental groups are calling for mandatory regulations to drastically slash black carbon emissions in the Arctic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Regulations are already in place around the North American coastline, where the IMO introduced an emission control area (ECA) in 2012, requiring ships to limit their nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulphur oxide (SOx) and particulate matter pollution. This regulation has incentivised many ship operators to switch to distillate fuel. ECAs have also been established in the Mediterranean, the North Sea and Baltic Sea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Environmental groups would like the North America ECA to be extended to the Arctic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cArctic communities were overlooked when the North America ECA was established,\u201d says Comer. \u201cSome would argue that\u2019s environmental injustice and environmental racism.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\":<\/div>
The container ship Godafoss ran aground in Norway in 2011, and began leaking heavy fuel oil into the sea close to the Yttre Hvaler national park (Image \u00a9 Kent Inge Olsen \/ Greenpeace)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\":<\/div>
A red boom was used to try and limit the spread of heavy fuel oil across the ocean surface. Clean-up operations are especially difficult in ice-covered areas. (Image \u00a9 Jon Terje Hellgren Hansen \/ Greenpeace)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

It is important that existing loopholes, which enable ship operators to continue using heavy fuel oil, are removed from new IMO regulations, experts argue. Currently, many ships in the ECA use scrubbers to remove their exhaust fumes from the atmosphere and comply with regulations, without having to switch to a more expensive distillate fuel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere are loopholes within the ECA\u2026 so you can still carry on using heavy fuel oil but install a scrubber to reduce your sulphur emissions,\u201d says Prior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although scrubbers reduce air pollution, they are still incredibly polluting as they dump the chemicals removed from the exhaust directly into the ocean. By using scrubbers, \u201cyou are taking an atmospheric pollution problem and turning it into an ocean pollution problem,\u201d says Prior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If the North American emissions control area is extended to the Arctic \u201cyou\u2019d want to see that high sulphur fuels would not be allowed, even if ships have a scrubber,\u201d says Comer. \u201cInstead, they should be required to use distillate fuels.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A proposal to extend the ECA is likely to be brought<\/a> to the IMO this year, but it won\u2019t get much air time until 2024, says Comer. This year the IMO is set to review its long-term emissions reduction strategy and decide whether to adopt a net zero by 2050 target<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

The current IMO target, which campaigners say is woefully inadequate<\/a>, is to halve shipping emissions by 2050. Without further action, shipping emissions are projected to reach 90-130%<\/a> of their 2008 levels by 2050.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt is very inadequate,\u201d says Dumbrille. \u201cTo be aligned with the Paris Agreement, [the target] needs to be at least 100% by 2050, ideally 100% by 2040, and 50% by 2030.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you\u2019re thinking about a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, dealing with black carbon should be at the top of your list,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI\u2019m not holding my breath at the moment\u2026 it\u2019s going to take a couple more years,\u201d says Prior, noting that there is still quite a lot of opposition within the industry. \u201cIt\u2019s frustrating when [tackling black carbon] should be low-hanging fruit, especially compared to what needs to happen to decarbonise the whole sector.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Stronger regulation could eliminate soot from ship exhaust which is accelerating warming, particularly in the Arctic, writes Isabelle Gerretsen<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20000283,"featured_media":40093195,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761],"tags":[585,591],"hashtags":[],"country":[50040710],"class_list":["post-40093182","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","tag-renewables","tag-shipping","country-canada"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nBlack carbon: The \u2018low-hanging fruit\u2019 for cleaner shipping | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Soot released from ships is accelerating warming, particularly in the Arctic. 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