{"id":40093964,"date":"2023-10-26T12:52:25","date_gmt":"2023-10-26T11:52:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogueocean.net\/?p=93964"},"modified":"2023-11-02T12:12:33","modified_gmt":"2023-11-02T12:12:33","slug":"marine-heatwaves-drive-north-atlantic-species-to-arctic-waters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/marine-heatwaves-drive-north-atlantic-species-to-arctic-waters\/","title":{"rendered":"Marine heatwaves drive North Atlantic species to Arctic waters"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The verdict is in: global sea temperatures shattered new heat records in 2023, with anomalous warmth erupting in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean in a year that also saw numerous record-setting extreme<\/a> terrestrial heatwaves, droughts, floods and wildfires on five continents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), North Atlantic waters reached a high<\/a> of 24.9C in July \u2013 where an annual peak isn\u2019t usually reached until early September, worrying the scientific community about repercussions for aquatic life. July\u2019s record high was more than 1C warmer than the 30-year climatological normal for the North Atlantic from 1982 to 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Researchers say rapid warming in the region is endangering phytoplankton \u2013 the base of the marine food chain \u2013 thus reducing food availability for species that depend on these microscopic algae to survive. A hotter North Atlantic could also be accelerating the \u201cAtlantification\u201d of the Arctic Ocean, as more temperate fish species move into Arctic waters to beat the heat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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All this comes as a new El Ni\u00f1o takes hold globally in 2023. El Ni\u00f1os \u2013 caused by the development of a band of warmer surface water in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean \u2013 recur naturally every few years. They have major impacts on the world\u2019s weather, including elevated atmospheric temperatures, which could in turn increase ocean warming, lengthening, and intensifying marine heatwaves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NOAA says this El Ni\u00f1o has a greater than 95% likelihood of lasting through<\/a> January to March 2024, with a more than 70% chance of being a strong event. The consequences? A potentially hotter northern summer in 2024, triggering more disruptive anomalous extreme weather events around the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Warming effects spreading through the food web<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Earlier this year, European scientists suggested<\/a> that future climate-change-driven warming could result in \u201cwidespread changes in opportunities for commercial fisheries\u201d across the Northeast Atlantic shelf seas. Importantly, they found that within the area sampled, sea temperatures were the primary driver of fish community composition. And now with those temperatures soaring (2022 set the previous North Atlantic heat record), those fish communities are visibly altering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The rising intensity and frequency of marine heatwaves in the North Atlantic is also expected to disrupt the balance of marine ecosystems into the future \u2013 starting at the base of the oceanic food web with phytoplankton.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Eastern North Atlantic, experts have flagged the recent marine heatwave as a probable cause of a decline in microscopic algae, which many aquatic species depend on: Phytoplankton are eaten by zooplankton, which are in turn eaten by small fish, which are eaten by bigger fish, which are eaten by seals, and so on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The phytoplankton reduction is thought to be triggered by warming waters, which alter ocean stratification, reducing the availability of nutrients and sunlight that the microorganisms need in order to photosynthesise and grow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"swirls<\/div>
A satellite image of a North Sea phytoplankton bloom in 2018. (For scale, a ship is visible at bottom left.) This year\u2019s ocean warming has been cited as a probable cause for a reduction in phytoplankton populations, with consequences for the entire marine food web. (Image: Joshua Stevens \/ NASA Earth Observatory<\/a>, CC0<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The North Atlantic typically hits the peak of its spring phytoplankton bloom in June, which is when the largest increase in phytoplankton biomass is generally detected. But that\u2019s also when the intense warming occurred this year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And with phytoplankton populations now decreasing, scientists are detecting impacts up the food chain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Also, a reduction in phytoplankton populations could reduce carbon sequestration. That\u2019s because these microorganisms in high numbers remove significant amounts of carbon from surface waters when they die and sink, storing carbon in the deep ocean and making a major contribution to long-term carbon sequestration. Fewer phytoplankton means less sequestration, and less curbing of global warming.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The organic carbon synthesised by phytoplankton during that June period, when photosynthesis is at its highest level, has long been crucial to providing the energy needed to sustain the North Atlantic region\u2019s marine food web, Arthi Ramachandran, a polar expert with science popularisation NGO Arctic Basecamp<\/a>, wrote in an email.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ramachandran cited similar observations during the anomalous 2015 Northeast Pacific marine heatwave, which caused comparable shifts in marine species distribution and abundance. \u201cThe increase of physical and chemical anomalies led to a cascade of effects that was seen throughout the food web,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One thing is clear: The progressive shift of Arctic marine ecosystems toward a more temperate state is happening now<\/blockquote><\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Scientists continue to be concerned about the synergistic impacts of these compound events<\/a> \u2013 as a combination of climate drivers widely impact other environmental factors, resulting, for example, in low-chlorophyll levels during high-temperature extremes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRight now, in the Eastern North Atlantic, a significant decrease in chlorophyll-a concentration \u2013 used as a proxy for phytoplankton abundance \u2013 has been observed,\u201d Ramachandran noted. Scientists have shown that such a decline was closely related to the spatial distribution<\/a> of marine heatwaves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A drop in the quantity of phytoplankton, or a change in the phytoplankton species present in the North Atlantic, could result in less zooplankton there and a switch<\/a> toward smaller phytoplankton species in the region, Maxime Geoffroy, a research scientist at Canada\u2019s Marine Institute of the Memorial University of Newfoundland, explained in an email.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This, in turn, could reduce the abundance of forage fish that feed on zooplankton, he added. \u201cFor instance, capelin and sand lance are known to be increasingly present in the Canadian Arctic where they increase competition for Arctic endemic species.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"a<\/div>
A black guillemot feeds on an Arctic cod in Alaska, US. The warming of the North Atlantic is causing fish species there to move northward into the Arctic Ocean, increasing competition risks with Arctic endemic species, such as Arctic cod, and potentially destabilising the marine ecosystem. (Image: Cameron Deckert<\/a> \/ iNaturalist<\/a>, CC BY-NC)<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Fish heading north to escape the heat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

What happens in the North Atlantic Ocean isn\u2019t likely to stay in the North Atlantic Ocean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scientists continue to observe the ongoing Atlantification of the Arctic Ocean, as it moves toward a warmer ecosystem where polar fish species are forced to compete with intruding North Atlantic fish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThey are now replacing native species there,\u201d Ramachandran said, as global warming weakens the barrier between the layers of a relatively fresh Arctic Ocean, allowing warmer, saltier North Atlantic waters to blend and, as a consequence, diminish sea ice resilience in the polar region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe current heatwave can exacerbate this process, causing a larger influx of fish moving north to escape the heat,\u201d she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In 2015, scientists estimated<\/a> the Arctic region was set to see the largest marine species turnover worldwide due to climate change, \u201cwith a modelled invasion intensity of five times the global average,\u201d as formerly temperate zone fish invade the far north.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cLower abundance of forage fish results in lower abundance of larger piscivorous [fish-eating] fishes,\u201d Geoffroy said. He has studied<\/a> the case of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida<\/em>), the most abundant forage fish in Arctic seas, which in certain regions transfer more than 70% of the energy found in the zooplankton that it feeds on up the food chain to piscivorous fish, marine mammals and seabirds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arctic cod are adapted to sub-zero temperatures, but a warming North Atlantic and Arctic Sea is causing boreal competitors<\/a> to extend their distribution northward, hiking risks of competition with and predation on endemic Arctic fish fauna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Geoffroy\u2019s study, \u201ca borealisation of the marine ecosystem coupled with changes in the distribution and abundance of Arctic cod can have detrimental effects on the populations of top [Arctic] predators, such as seabirds and marine mammals.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Aerial<\/div>
The changing makeup of fish communities in the Arctic could impact the availability of food for Beluga whales (pictured here feeding near Svalbard) which eat primarily arctic cod and capelin (Image \u00a9 Christian \u00c5slund \/ Greenpeace)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The study authors noted that the greatest climate-change pressures on Arctic cod are currently being seen in the Northeast Atlantic Arctic region and, to a lesser extent, in the Hudson complex, and Davis Strait-Baffin Bay, \u201cwhere the ecological importance of Arctic cod diminishes and the co-distribution with boreal species, such as capelin and sand lance, increases.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A similar observation of a drastic change in fish communities has been observed in the warming Mediterranean Sea, according to Mercator Ocean International<\/a> (MOI) researchers. There, marine heatwaves can create a favourable environment for invasive tropical species which enter Mediterranean waters from the Red Sea via the Suez Canal. Some of those Red Sea species are very competitive for resources and space, and can outcompete Mediterranean species important for the local biodiversity and economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The risk of serious ecological change threatens not only the Arctic Ocean, but also the Northeast Atlantic continental shelf and its fisheries, which according to previous studies<\/a>, recorded annual fish landings in excess of 5.8 million metric tons, valued at $8.5 billion. This makes it one of the most productive commercial marine fishery regions in the world, and demonstrating that global warming has the potential to impact not only sea life but also transnational economics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For Geoffroy, however, it is too soon to predict the precise long-term impacts of the North Atlantic heatwave on marine organisms, or to be sure of its exact causes. One thing is clear: The progressive shift of Arctic marine ecosystems toward a more temperate state is happening now \u2014 with some serious consequences already coming into view.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More ocean heat anomalies to come<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Earth\u2019s oceans are getting progressively hotter. \u201cThe [global] mean sea surface temperature has increased since the preindustrial era \u2014 and continues to increase,\u201d Ramachandran said. The reason: Oceans absorb roughly 90%<\/a> of the excess heat generated by human-caused warming. As a result, \u201cwe know that marine heatwaves all over the world\u2019s oceans are becoming warmer \u2026 and we can expect a [further] increase in marine heatwaves with time,\u201d Ramachandran added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In her view, the oceanic heat records observed in recent months were caused by a combination of short- and long-term contributing influences, including escalating climate change, alterations in atmospheric circulation (including those brought by this year\u2019s El Ni\u00f1o), and even air pollution. (Some researchers suggest<\/a>, for example, that newly implemented pollution controls on ships sailing the heavily trafficked North Atlantic sea lanes have reduced sulphate aerosol emissions there \u2014 cutting pollutants that hitherto had an atmospheric cooling effect, but that is now both clearing the air and stepping up warming in northern waters.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cAt the core, we could say that a driving factor is global warming,\u201d Ramachandran explained. \u201cThe closer we get to reaching and surpassing climate tipping points, the more likely we will continue to observe increases in [warming] anomalies and unprecedented change.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The average global atmospheric surface temperature for July 2023 was 0.72\u00b0 Celsius (1.3\u00b0 Fahrenheit) warmer than the 1991-2020 average, while that of sea surface temperature was 0.51\u00b0C (0.9\u00b0F) hotter during than the 1991-2020 average that same month, according to data by the Copernicus Climate Change Service<\/a> (C3S).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The World Meteorological Organization (WHO) projects<\/a> that global temperatures will continue surging over the next five years, \u201cfuelled by heat-trapping greenhouse gases and the naturally occurring El Ni\u00f1o.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article is republished from Mongabay.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As sea temperatures in the North Atlantic hit record highs, fish are moving to the Arctic Ocean to escape the heat, potentially disturbing the region\u2019s entire food web<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20000283,"featured_media":40093975,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761],"tags":[20000740,519,543],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-40093964","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","tag-arctic","tag-climate-impacts","tag-extreme-weather"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMarine heatwaves drive North Atlantic species to Arctic waters | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Fish are moving to the Arctic Ocean to escape the heat, potentially disturbing the region\u2019s entire food web\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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