{"id":40093994,"date":"2023-11-07T09:51:35","date_gmt":"2023-11-07T09:51:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogueocean.net\/?p=93994"},"modified":"2023-11-30T13:11:59","modified_gmt":"2023-11-30T13:11:59","slug":"the-chemical-fingerprints-that-could-combat-global-seafood-fraud","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/food\/the-chemical-fingerprints-that-could-combat-global-seafood-fraud\/","title":{"rendered":"The chemical fingerprints that could combat global seafood fraud"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Whether it\u2019s farmed or wild-caught, tracing the journey of seafood all the way to our plates is immensely challenging. Complex supply chains that span multiple countries and dozens of companies make the industry highly opaque<\/a> and rife with fraud<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seafood is one of the most traded<\/a> commodities in the world. In 2020, 178 million tonnes<\/a> were caught or farmed, according to the FAO. This is set to rise to 202 million tonnes<\/a> in 2030. Around three billion<\/a> people worldwide rely on seafood as their primary source of protein.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But one in five fish sold worldwide are caught illegally<\/a>, which in 2009 was accounted to be worth up to US$23.5 billion<\/a> every year (approximately $42 billion when adjusted for inflation). The most common form of seafood fraud is to mislabel<\/a> a lower-value species as a higher-value one. For example, labelling yellowfin tuna as bluefin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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According to a 2021 analysis<\/a> by the Guardian, nearly 40% of 9,000 seafood products collected globally from restaurants, fishmongers and supermarkets were mislabelled. The analysis looked at 44 seafood studies, including one from 2018 that found<\/a> the highest rates of mislabelling to be in the UK and Canada (55%), followed by the US (38%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Calls for full-chain traceability<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The seafood industry is facing mounting pressure to adopt full-chain traceability<\/a>. According to Wendy Banta, \u201cincreased transparency equals increased accountability and assurance: being able to trace the origin of seafood products means that claims of sustainability made by companies can actually be verified.\u201d Banta is the head of supply-chain assurance at the Aquaculture Stewardship Council, a non-profit that establishes protocol for sustainably farmed seafood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The industry is increasingly looking to technology to verify the provenance of seafood and detect whether it has been caught in a sustainable, legal way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For example, by analysing the natural chemical markers found in the shells, bones and soft tissue of seafood, scientists and regulators can track where a sample has come from.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

China Dialogue Ocean asked the scientist Catherine Longo about these technological developments: \u201cThe biggest advantages of improvements to forensic methods being used in seafood supply chains is the precision and speed in effectively identifying risks of fraud, which include species substitution or misrepresenting their geographic origin.\u201d Longo is the principal scientist for the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), a non-profit that sets standards for sustainable fishing worldwide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trace elemental fingerprinting<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Water, soil and air are full of \u201ctrace elements\u201d, such as selenium, potassium and zinc. In turn, these elements are found in minute quantities in the soft tissue of every living organism. The concentration of these elements can be used to create an individual fingerprint for any seafood product. One study of this practice, which is known as trace elemental fingerprinting (TEF),\u00a0found<\/a> it to be 100% accurate in identifying the harvesting locations of blue mussel shells and soft tissues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TEF can therefore help to confirm a seafood product\u2019s provenance claims: seafood producers and non-profits including the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) have started using TEF, with machine learning, to combat fraudsters and improve supply chain transparency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cASC\u2019s approach applies a combination of elemental profiling with advanced mathematical models,\u201d explains Banta. \u201cThis improves the power to distinguish between samples originating from different geographical areas with a greater degree of certainty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOver the past decade, TEF has been used as a forensic tool to determine authenticity of a wide range of food types, including fruits, honey<\/a>, and meat. More recent research has shown that it has great potential for verifying the origin of seafood products, especially farmed shrimp.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ASC tested the technology in a pilot<\/a> project in Vietnam (one of the world\u2019s biggest shrimp producers) in 2021. The non-profit found TEF could correctly assign unlabelled samples to their farms of origin, claiming 95%<\/a> accuracy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chemical fingerprinting<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Another tool that could be used alongside TEF to combat seafood fraud and illegal fishing globally is \u201cchemical fingerprinting<\/a>\u201d. This technology capitalises on isotopes<\/a>: variants of elements with slightly different weights, which gives each isotope its own physical properties that react differently within the water cycle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A team of University of South Australia scientists led by marine ecologist Zoe Doubleday are currently developing chemical fingerprinting. Doubleday says TEF works well for, say, distinguishing one prawn population from another. But other factors, ranging from an animal\u2019s metabolism to the time of day, can also change the concentration of trace elements in fish and seafood. Doubleday says this makes trace elemental fingerprinting a less stable and consistent indicator of a species\u2019 origin than chemical fingerprinting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doubleday and her team are developing chemical fingerprinting by focusing on oxygen isotopes. Present in shells and bones, these natural chemical markers are similar across many different marine animals. Oxygen isotopes are determined by ocean composition and temperature, rather than an animal\u2019s biological traits, which helps determine provenance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAn octopus, clam and a fish living in the same bay will all have the same chemical value,\u201d explains Doubleday. \u201cWe have developed a technique to suit lots of different seafood species and a marker that is more universal to try to [establish] true geolocation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As technology develops to make regulation cheaper and more accessible, seafood fraud won\u2019t be worth the risk<\/blockquote>Catherine Longo<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The scientists\u2019 method entails extracting oxygen isotopes absorbed by calcium carbonate in the shells and bones of different seafood species. Next, they use a spectrometer to analyse the isotopes\u2019 chemical and geographical origins. Meanwhile, the team built a globe-spanning map of ocean chemistry, which allows them to match the isotope data with specific locations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doubleday says this method is very good for tracking animals living in different latitudes and temperatures. Using chemical fingerprinting, the researchers calculated the provenance of fish, cephalopods (such as squids and octopuses) and shellfish from either the tropical waters of Southeast Asia, or the cooler waters of southern Australia. They recorded location accuracy rates of up to 90%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere are obviously a lot of animals that live at similar latitudes,\u201d reflects Doubleday. \u201cJapan is a similar latitude to where I live in southern Australia, so these species are going to have similar values \u2026 we\u2019re working on a novel marker now that is influenced by geology and will help us refine [such results].\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chemical fingerprinting\u2019s use of oxygen isotopes is what makes it a more suitable method for testing a wide range of seafood species: \u201cWith oxygen isotopes you\u2019re analysing ratios, rather than quantities of the element.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scientists can analyse the ratio of light to heavy isotopes of an element found in a specific sample to determine its provenance. This ratio varies<\/a> depending on climate, location and environmental conditions. \u201cThere are lots of physical laws that determine that ratio, whereas with trace elemental fingerprinting, you\u2019re just looking at the concentration of that element,\u201d adds Doubleday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scientific solutions at scale<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Doubleday says chemical fingerprinting could be used by, for example, a government agency to audit seafood products at the processing stage; shells are usually discarded at this point and \u201ccould easily be archived\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesperson for the MSC tells China Dialogue Ocean the same thing, calling chemical fingerprinting an \u201cimportant tool to further expand beyond limited species, so the technique can be scaled for market-wide surveillance purposes\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2021, the MSC\u2019s Longo co-authored a study<\/a> that analysed the capability of chemical fingerprinting to detect where a fish was caught. According to the MSC spokesperson, the study revealed \u201cstrong potential for these techniques to be more widely used\u201d. Currently, a \u201clack of empirical studies to confirm the accuracy on the water for more species and more locations\u201d is holding the technology back.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This technology is still in its infancy and there is a long way to go before it is used in practice. The next step for the University of South Australia team is to test samples of unknown origin. Meanwhile, the scientists continue to build their global map.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is also unclear whether tools such as chemical fingerprinting are vulnerable to changes in ocean chemistry and temperature, says Banta: \u201cThere are several variables and unknowns, one of which is climate change in the long term.\u201d The MSC agrees: \u201cIt is necessary to continue to track the changing chemical elements that define the product profile, to ensure the accuracy of tests.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Doubleday warns that this technology is no panacea to fight seafood fraud: \u201cThere\u2019s no one method for all of it \u2026 multiple approaches are needed.\u201d Other tools include DNA tracing, blockchain technology (to illuminate supply chains) and on-boat electronic surveillance equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you\u2019ve got the resources to put multiple approaches together to understand provenance, then you\u2019ve got more certainty,\u201d concludes Doubleday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIncreased digitalisation of supply chain operations and product traceability is a strong deterrent to fraud,\u201d says Longo. \u201cAs technology develops to make regulation cheaper and more accessible, seafood fraud won\u2019t be worth the risk.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Scientists and industry experts are turning to chemical fingerprint technology to bring transparency to seafood supply chains<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3907,"featured_media":40093997,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[763],"tags":[527,546,50029817],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-40093994","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-food","tag-crime","tag-food-security","tag-supply-chains"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe chemical fingerprints that could combat global seafood fraud | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Scientists and industry experts are turning to chemical fingerprint technology to bring transparency to seafood supply chains\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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