{"id":40094195,"date":"2024-02-20T16:46:24","date_gmt":"2024-02-20T16:46:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogueocean.net\/?p=94195"},"modified":"2024-04-11T14:58:29","modified_gmt":"2024-04-11T14:58:29","slug":"fishers-fearful-as-el-nino-plagues-peru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/fishers-fearful-as-el-nino-plagues-peru\/","title":{"rendered":"Fishers fearful as El Ni\u00f1o plagues Peru"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">Miguel Martinez learned his trade pulling hake, <em>cachema<\/em> and <em>p\u00e1mpano<\/em> from the sea off the Peruvian coast. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These Pacific waters are home to a rich diversity of species. According to some <a href=\"https:\/\/peru.oceana.org\/blog\/mar-pacifico-tropical-peruano-una-riqueza-a-la-espera-de-proteccion\/\">estimates<\/a> they provide half of the fish eaten in the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The 61-year-old Martinez was born in Tumbes, the northern Peruvian coastal region bordering Ecuador. He is one of 88,000 artisanal fishers <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gob.pe\/institucion\/produce\/noticias\/634552-produce-en-el-peru-hay-mas-de-88-000-pescadores-artesanales\">working<\/a> along Peru\u2019s extensive coastline and rivers to meet local demand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But since the waters warmed as the El Ni\u00f1o weather pattern set in last year, before being officially declared in June, he and many of his colleagues have been fearing for their livelihoods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThere are species that are no longer seen, and&nbsp;there are others that are beginning to be seen more. There are others that are moving far away,\u201d Mart\u00ednez, who is leader of a regional artisanal fishing group, tells China Dialogue Ocean. \u201cWe have to spend more money on fuel, and days away from home, to be able to come back with something.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-rain-brings-pain\">Rain brings pain<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>El Ni\u00f1o is an occasional climate phenomenon characterised by the weakening of trade winds that normally push warm water from South America west towards Oceania. This disrupts the cold Humboldt Current \u2013 which flows from south to north off the western coast of the continent \u2013 changing ecosystems at sea, and often producing heavy rains on land.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/16790848\/embed\" title=\"Interactive or visual content\" class=\"flourish-embed-iframe\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" style=\"width:100%;aspect-ratio:1.3;\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-scripts allow-downloads allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<p>This time, despite predictions of extreme rainfall and large changes in sea temperature, northern Peru had experienced a relatively mild El Ni\u00f1o until mid-February, when rain began to fall, causing flooding in some areas. Experts say the rainfall will remain at moderate intensity until April.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This has nonetheless caused major changes in the sea, with currents altering the migratory patterns of some fish, leading to a major contraction in fishing, according to official government&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.infobae.com\/peru\/2023\/12\/21\/bono-s-700-del-pescador-artesanal-cuales-son-los-requisitos-y-cuando-inicia-el-cobro-de-subvencion\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">data<\/a>&nbsp;and data from fishermen and researchers on the ground.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Small-scale fishers on the northern coast say they have been left to weather the economic impacts alone, and are growingly increasingly frustrated with a lack of government support.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-fish-flee-warmer-waters\">Fish flee warmer waters<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As sea temperatures change, some species move to find their preferred conditions. Rising temperatures, alongside frequent and unpredictable El Ni\u00f1o events, mean the distribution and supply of fish traditionally sought by Peru\u2019s artisanal fishers are in a constant state of flux, says Santiago de la Puente, a researcher at the Norwegian Institute of Aquatic Research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a result, these fishers, many of whom were already struggling to catch enough due to overfishing, must spend more time and money in search of their target species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThis means they can\u2019t know how much they will earn or spend,\u201d says De la Puente. \u201cAll they know is that they will have to go into debt to pay their bills.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The researcher worries that for the fishers, this stress will only increase as the current El Ni\u00f1o phase continues. A lack of research on the problem makes it challenging to quantify the damage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe also don\u2019t have much information on how much fishermen are affected by the impacts of El Ni\u00f1o or climate change,\u201d he says. \u201cAnd this gap is serious, considering that fishing in Peru represents 1% of GDP. This is no small thing.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-seeking-flexibility-for-fishing\">Seeking flexibility for fishing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Changes brought on by El Ni\u00f1o may have driven away some of the animals targeted by Peru\u2019s artisanal fishers, but they also bring in new candidates. These include species that prefer warmer waters, such as mahi-mahi, tuna and bonito, says Gino Passalacqua, a Peruvian oceanographer at the University of California, San Diego.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image block--article-image--article\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"hide-expand block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bonito-fish_Alamy_H2663N-scaled.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bonito-fish_Alamy_H2663N-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bonito-fish_Alamy_H2663N-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bonito-fish_Alamy_H2663N-scaled.jpg 2560w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 2560px\" alt=\"Bonito fish in green plastic bin\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\">A fisher shows his bonito catch in Puerto Pizarro in the Tumbes region, northern Peru. Changes brought on by El Ni\u00f1o may have driven away some species of fish, but they also bring in new potential targets, such as mahi-mahi, tuna and bonito. (Image: Nicolas Remene \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bonito-fish_Alamy_H2663N-scaled.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"628 KB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1707\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2560\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>However, this is only good news for local people if they are allowed to catch the new arrivals, which may require new permits. Often, fishers won\u2019t know when to expect an outcome on applications for such permits, leaving them with significant uncertainty. \u201cChanges in the behaviour of tropical species are so spontaneous that while the new fishing permit to catch them is being processed, these species are already gone,\u201d explains Passalacqua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fishers \u201cmust have the power to react\u201d, he adds, and researchers and the government \u201cmust anticipate these situations\u201c.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Seeking change has proven difficult in Peru. Mart\u00ednez is keen to keep fishing and wants better facilities, regulation and financial support. But he says it is hard for voices like his to reach policymakers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe big problem is that regulations are made from a desk, hundreds of kilometres away. They ignore us,\u201d he says. \u201cNow we need them to give us a financial bailout, because we small-scale fishers can\u2019t meet our loans. We live in debt.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-small-help-for-a-big-problem\">Small help for a big problem<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The government has offered some assistance, says Martinez. \u201cThey gave us a bonus of 700 <em>soles<\/em> (US$185) at the end of 2023,\u201d he tells China Dialogue Ocean. \u201cThat is not enough.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The government has given this aid to 47,000 fishers who have suffered over the past year. But there have been issues with the rollout: \u201cThe list of beneficiaries is badly done; we have found deceased people on it,\u201d notes Martinez. \u201cWe have complained, but they don\u2019t listen to us.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Juan Carlos Sueiro, an economist and director of fisheries for the NGO Oceana Peru, is also worried, particularly because fishers already struggle to balance their finances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThis is a high-risk economic activity. You never know how much [fish] you will come back with,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While their problems may seem to be at sea, Sueiro says fishers\u2019 lives could be improved with changes on land.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Better ports to land their catch, cold chains to preserve it, and upgraded roads to get it to customers, would all help, he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image block--article-image--article\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"hide-expand block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Cancas-fish-market_Alamy_2R4WTX1-scaled.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Cancas-fish-market_Alamy_2R4WTX1-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Cancas-fish-market_Alamy_2R4WTX1-1024x684.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Cancas-fish-market_Alamy_2R4WTX1-scaled.jpg 2560w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 2560px\" alt=\"people in fish market\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\">Cancas fish market in Tumbes, northern Peru. Better ports, refrigeration systems and roads would all strengthen fishers\u2019 livelihoods, says Juan Carlos Sueiro. (Image: Nicolas Remene \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Cancas-fish-market_Alamy_2R4WTX1-scaled.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"971 KB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1709\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2560\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWhen El Ni\u00f1o comes, the problem is the destruction of the surrounding area,\u201d explains Sueiro. \u201cThe roads are destroyed and there is no way to communicate, and the fishermen have no way to store or process their resources. Whatever they can catch goes to waste or is sold far below their usual prices\u2026 We know that an El Ni\u00f1o is always going to come, and we are never prepared.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-planning-for-disasters-in-peru-and-chile\">Planning for disasters, in Peru and Chile<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Peru\u2019s leaders have found some money to combat the effects of El Ni\u00f1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the end of last year, the economy minister <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gob.pe\/institucion\/mef\/noticias\/887148-ministro-contreras-el-presupuesto-destinado-a-acciones-de-prevencion-y-respuesta-frente-a-el-nino-supera-los-s-7-000-millones\">said<\/a> over 7 billion <em>soles<\/em> (US$1.8 billion) would be spent stockpiling food and equipment, and preparing rivers to cope with floods. But the problems of artisanal fishers appear to have been ignored, say experts interviewed by China Dialogue Ocean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mariano Gutierrez, a researcher at the Humboldt Institute of Marine and Aquaculture Research in San Isidro, says there is a lack of political will to address the problem that has existed for decades: \u201cThe state is not doing its job.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Guti\u00e9rrez is about to publish a roadmap to improve artisanal fisheries, calling for an expanded and updated list of species fishers can catch, better loans and financing for the sector, and more monitoring and enforcement, with tougher penalties for illegal fishing. He hopes this might help local people weather future shocks, which are only likely to increase as climate change leads to more extreme and variable weather.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-pull-quote block--pull-quote\"><div class=\"block--pull-quote__wrapper\"><blockquote class=\"block--pull-quote__quote\">What we thought we were going to experience in 2050, we are experiencing now<\/blockquote><cite class=\"block--pull-quote__cite\">Gino Passalacqua, a Peruvian oceanographer<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Neighbouring Chile has brought in changes to fishing laws to try and conduct decision-making on a more scientific basis, and improve the recovery of marine stocks and their resilience to climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2015, its government <a href=\"https:\/\/mma.gob.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Plan-Pesca-y-Acuicultura-CMS.pdf\">developed<\/a> a Climate Change Adaptation Plan for Fisheries and Aquaculture to help identify priorities and provide tools for climate change adaptation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The plan promoted measures to improve the resilience of ecosystems and fishing communities, and emphasised the need for further research. The plan is crucial for Chilean fisheries because, despite efforts to manage fish stocks scientifically, several are still overfished. This makes them highly vulnerable to climate change, according to a 2021 <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/faf.12586\">study<\/a> by researchers at Dalhousie University in Canada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As climate change increasingly makes itself felt off the coast of Peru, finding a way to deal with changing oceans is becoming more urgent. \u201cWhat we thought we were going to experience in 2050, we are experiencing now,\u201d says Passalacqua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But the challenging impacts of climate phenomena on lives and livelihoods have made many in the country wary, and tackling such issues will not be an easy task. \u201cHistorically, in Peru, saying \u2018El Ni\u00f1o\u2019 scares, frightens, and paralyses,\u201d Passalacqua adds. \u201cAdequate plans are not made, and every time El Ni\u00f1o comes, the same thing happens.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If that does not change, thousands of Peruvian fishers like Martinez may continue to struggle to feed their people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>This article was updated on 27 February to reflect the fact that by the middle of the month rain and some flooding had occurred in northern Peru<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Unpredictably warm waters are raising costs for already struggling artisanal fishers, frustrated at inadequate government support<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000229,"featured_media":40094198,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761,50039901],"tags":[543,545,50040749],"hashtags":[],"country":[50002601],"class_list":["post-40094195","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","category-ocean","tag-extreme-weather","tag-fisheries","tag-livelihoods","country-peru"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - 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