{"id":50005410,"date":"2016-03-18T07:21:42","date_gmt":"2016-03-18T07:21:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/?p=5410"},"modified":"2023-03-09T17:13:28","modified_gmt":"2023-03-09T17:13:28","slug":"5410-how-mexico-city-slashed-air-pollution-levels-by-half","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/5410-how-mexico-city-slashed-air-pollution-levels-by-half\/","title":{"rendered":"How Mexico City slashed air pollution levels by half"},"content":{"rendered":"

Red alerts, curfews and health crises resulting from air too hazardous to breathe \u2013 for those who lived in Mexico City in the 80s and 90s, the recent pollution problems are all too familiar. Back then, lead, ozone, carbon and sulphur were so rife in the atmosphere that some even suggested they were causing\u00a0birds to fall out of the sky<\/a>.<\/p>\n

For the first time in 14 years, unusually high levels of ozone in the valley around Mexico City, have led authorities to\u00a0activate<\/a>\u00a0an environmental contingency plan, restricting vehicle use and\u00a0ordering factories to limit green house gas emissions (GHG) by up to 40%. But the infrequency of such warnings serves as a reminder of how far the Mexican capital has come.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe used to have levels of pollution similar to those in Beijing and northern China today,\u201d recalls Antonio Mediavilla, director general of the air quality management programe at Mexico City\u2019s environment department (Sedema<\/a>).<\/p>\n

As Mexico\u2019s economy grew, the sharp rise in emissions from transport and industry landed its capital the unenviable accolade of world\u2019s most polluted city. Then, in 1996, city and regional governments introduced the celebrated Management Programme to Improve Air Quality<\/a> (Proaire in Spanish), which captured the will of civil society and business to tackle the problem.<\/p>\n

Now in its third incarnation, the Proaire package of reforms managed to bring Mexico City\u2019s air pollution down from a dangerously high rating of 300 on its Metropolitan Air Quality Index<\/a> (Imeca) in the 80s, to more recent averages of less than 150. Levels of ozone once regularly hovered around 500 parts per billion (ppb) but normally now range between 120 and 150 ppb. Proaire now extends to 11 cities nationwide.<\/p>\n

One package, years in the making<\/strong><\/p>\n

In 1986 Mexican officials named 21 different measures to tackle the air pollution crisis. At this time, natural gas began to replace fuel oil in industry and in thermoelectric power generation in the Valley of Mexico \u2013 which comprises Mexico City, the federal district of Mexico and the states of Morelos, Puebla, Tlaxcala and Hidalgo. Local governments also began to register air quality more systematically.<\/p>\n

In 1988 the general law of ecological balance and environmental protection<\/a> (LGEEPA in Spanish) established that federal authorities must execute emissions reduction programmes in areas under their jurisdiction. Meanwhile, state governments had to outline their own programmes to improve air quality and submit them to the ministry of environment and natural resources (Semarnat<\/a> in Spanish).<\/p>\n

As part of a new, broader survey of emissions, the law also obligated local authorities to implement programmes verifying those from transport, the largest emitting sector in metropolitan areas in the Valley of Mexico. In 1989, city and regional governments introduced the Cars Don\u2019t Circulate (Hoy No Circula) programme, which restricts the use of a fifth of all vehicles on rotating days between Monday and Friday, depending on the last number on a vehicle\u2019s registration plate.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s imperative to decisively and energetically attack the 20% of sources that produce 80% of emissions,\u201d says Mediavilla. \u201cThen you have to think in regional terms and develop a long term vision to really reduce pollution levels.\u201d<\/p>\n

Victor P\u00e1ramo, coordinator of health and pollution at the National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change<\/a> (INECC) explains that the main precursor to Proaire was introduced in 1990. This programme made verifying vehicles obligatory and established a supply of unleaded petrol and stricter vehicle emissions standards by introducing catalytic convertors. It also expanded the metro system.<\/p>\n

Proaire\u2019s precursor included the collection and publication of mathematic and photochemical analyses which showed very high levels of pollutants in the blood, especially in children. This prompted a widespread social mobilisation led by green groups, which organised protests and demanded inclusion in public fora on air quality.<\/p>\n

\u201cProaire is a space permitting a series of agreements between different actors, as much from private enterprise as from the different government dependencies and NGOs,\u201d says Ana Mart\u00ednez, director general of the programme for air quality management, emissions registration and transparency on pollutants at Semarnat.<\/p>\n

The governments of Mexico City and the federal district then advanced joint measures to tackle pollution through the newly-created Metropolitan Environment Commission, known today as CAMe.<\/p>\n

Proaire also applied new restrictions on fuels, which limited vapor pressure, olefins and aromatics, benzene and sulphur, following which state-owned oil company Petroleos Mexicanos<\/a> (Pemex) introduced a premium fuel. It also established management plans for protected natural areas in Mexico City and the metropolitan area.<\/p>\n

New phases<\/strong><\/p>\n

In 2001 and 2011, the second and third phases of Proaire oversaw the renovation of Mexico City\u2019s fleet of taxis and minibuses, the creation of the Metrob\u00fas<\/a> network and further expansion of the Metro.<\/p>\n

The plan also began to monitor particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5) and 10 micrometres (PM10) and a system of warnings for when levels of ozone or milimetre particles were so high they were dangerous to human health. Warnings advised citizens to stay indoors during the day and restrict vehicle use.<\/p>\n

When in the 1980s the Mexican capital spent most of the time on high alert, nowadays warnings are issued just three or four times a year.<\/p>\n

Antonio Mediavilla says that despite the Proaire\u2019s achievements, there are still many obstacles: \u201cThe main challenge is still to continue growing economically while emitting less. This applies to climate change as much as air quality. We have to use renewable energy, alternative sources, reduce vehicle use and use mass transport systems.\u201d<\/p>\n

Accroding to Mart\u00ednez a cooperative effort is needed: \u201cWe all have to do our bit to tackle poor air quality,\u201d she says, pointing out that national plans now cover 67 priority areas within Mexico which have air quality problems owing to their basin geography. According to Martinez, the ministry of environment is working on management plans that will extend across every state in the country so as to form the beginnings of a nationally coordinated agreement.<\/p>\n

Among the issues that Proaire still has to clamp down on are the considerable use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG or propane) in metropolitan areas, ongoing traffic congestion and the persistence of PM2.5 and PM10, which are difficult to control.<\/p>\n

The United Nations Environment Programme<\/a> (UNEP) recently indicated that in 2010 the cost to the Mexican government of health spending as a consequence of air pollution hit US$ 29 billion dollars.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve moved from macro air quality measures to much more useful ones which don\u2019t only detect primary pollutants but also secondary ones, like ozone, and that\u2019s why it\u2019s much harder to control,\u201d says Mart\u00ednez.<\/p>\n

Learning from experience<\/strong><\/p>\n

Martinez says that despite its successes, it\u2019s not possible to copy directly from the Mexico experience because each city has its own particular set of conditions. However, she adds that technologies are now much more efficient and can improve on measures introduced 20 or 30 years ago.<\/p>\n

P\u00e1ramo says that Bogot\u00e1\u2019s \u2018Peak and Plate\u2019 initiative (Pica y Placa in Spanish) borrowed from Hoy No Circula, but applied restrictions only at certain times of the day, since the latter\u2019s daily vehicle use had encouraged the purchase of a second car.<\/p>\n

Once cities have identified their own unique problems, compiling a reliable database and strategising for the short, medium and long term are key components to success, according to Martinez.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou have to analyse very carefully the characteristics of a different municipalities, especially the sources of pollution,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rare pollution warning highlights successes of coordinated action plan introduced in the 1990s<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40000225,"featured_media":50005412,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[760],"tags":[14274,14713,551,14061],"hashtags":[],"country":[50002597],"class_list":["post-50005410","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pollution","tag-air-pollution","tag-cities","tag-health","tag-transport","country-mexico"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow Mexico City slashed air pollution levels by half | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Rare pollution warning highlights successes of coordinated action plan introduced in the 1990s\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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