{"id":50009301,"date":"2017-07-05T18:36:19","date_gmt":"2017-07-05T17:36:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/?p=9301"},"modified":"2023-01-25T11:49:39","modified_gmt":"2023-01-25T11:49:39","slug":"9301-china-is-driving-a-boom-in-brazilian-mining-but-at-what-cost","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/9301-china-is-driving-a-boom-in-brazilian-mining-but-at-what-cost\/","title":{"rendered":"China is Driving a Boom in Brazilian Mining, but at What Cost?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In the middle of northern Brazil\u2019s Amazon jungle, Chinese-made digging equipment rasps at the bottom of a giant iron ore mine. Here in the municipality of Cana\u00e3 dos Caraj\u00e1s in the Serra dos Caraj\u00e1s in Brazil\u2019s Par\u00e1 state, some 1,600 miles northwest of Rio de Janeiro, Chinese engineers keep watch over a fleet of stackers, reclaimers, and other large-scale equipment in the adjacent ore processing plant that will eventually produce 90 million tonnes of the metal annually. A train with 330 cars (mostly made in China) waits to be loaded up before traveling approximately 600 miles to a cargo ship (also made in China) that will sail for 40 days from the port of Ponta da Madeira in S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds in the neighboring state of Maranh\u00e3o, delivering <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vale.com\/PT\/initiatives\/innovation\/valemax\/Documents\/valemax\/_pdf\/VAL_VALEMAX_single.pdf\">400,000 tonnes<\/a> of iron ore to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vale.com\/PT\/initiatives\/innovation\/valemax\/Documents\/valemax\/_pdf\/VAL_VALEMAX_single.pdf\">Chinese ports<\/a> such as Dalian, Caofeidian, Rizhao, and Qingdao. Once there, Chinese factories will transform it into cranes, drilling equipment, and smartphones, many of which will then travel back to Brazil to be used in its construction, energy, and retail sectors.<\/p>\n<p>Economic ties with China have provided <a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/category\/brazil\/\">Brazil<\/a> with a surge in jobs, profit for mega-mining companies such as the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vale.com\/EN\/aboutvale\/Pages\/default.aspx\">world\u2019s largest iron ore producer<\/a>, Vale, its shareholders, and service providers, and a positive <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cebc.org.br\/pt-br\/dados-e-estatisticas\/comercio-bilateral\/balanca-comercial\">trade balance<\/a> with its <a href=\"http:\/\/atlas.media.mit.edu\/en\/profile\/country\/bra\/#Trade_Balance\">main trading partner<\/a>. But as with many countries in Latin America, the overwhelming majority of China\u2019s trade with Brazil has focused on raw materials. This is despite Chinese President Xi Jinping <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/mfa_eng\/topics_665678\/xjpzxcxjzgjldrdlchwdbxagtwnrlgbjxgsfwbcxzlldrhw\/t1176650.shtml\">promoting<\/a> a broader \u201c1+3+6\u201d cooperation framework for the region, as outlined at the 2014 BRICS Summit in Fortaleza and Brasilia, Brazil. The \u201c1\u201d relates to China\u2019s cooperation agreement with the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), a 33-member Western hemispheric bloc that excludes the U.S. and Canada, which was ratified at the inaugural China-CELAC summit in Beijing in 2015. It identifies three \u201cengines of development\u201d (trade, finance, and financial cooperation) and highlights six priority industrial sectors: energy and resources, infrastructure, agriculture, manufacturing, science and technology, and information technology.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: 0;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d1014865.3578486402!2d-50.66977706289693!3d-6.481374862029266!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x92dd7869efa8c54d%3A0x6b158bb3c2827e8c!2sCana%C3%A3+dos+Caraj%C3%A1s+-+State+of+Par%C3%A1%2C+Brazil!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sus!4v1499266910021\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\" frameborder=\"0\" align=\"right\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>This concentration of trade in raw materials has demonstrated the low resilience in the face of recent commodity price shocks of Latin American partners such as Brazil, but also Venezuela, Argentina, and Ecuador, and the drive to export more iron ore, copper, soybeans<a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/experts-question-sustainability-of-china-south-america-trade\/\">,<\/a> and oil to <a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/experts-question-sustainability-of-china-south-america-trade\/\">make up the shortfall<\/a> that has led these economies to slip down the value chain. China recognizes this is a big problem. The most recent <a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/new-china-white-paper-signals-a-step-forward-in-latin-america\/\">policy paper<\/a> on Latin America from China\u2019s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which President Xi launched at the APEC summit in Lima in November, stressed the need to work on production capacity development, or industrial upgrading, with Latin American partners. However, operations such as the S11D mine in Cana\u00e3 dos Caraj\u00e1s which serve the Chinese market continue to massively outweigh other new projects in value-added or manufacturing sectors.<\/p>\n<p>Large-scale iron ore mining has drawbacks for the environment and rural communities, too: enormous holes in Amazonian soil that will never fully close, silted and contaminated rivers, destroyed caves and natural ponds, the impending disappearance of <em>Monogereion carajensis<\/em> <em>Parapiqueria cavalcantei<\/em>, <em>Ipomoea cavalcantei<\/em>, and other endemic fauna from the area, and agrarian conflict. Furthermore, in a bid to increase economic output, the Brazilian government is <a href=\"http:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/en\/press\/releases\/2017\/New-images-show-what-is-at-stake-if-Brazil-rolls-back-Amazon-protection\/\">rolling back laws<\/a> protecting biodiversity and indigenous peoples from big extractive and infrastructure projects. Earlier this year, Brazil\u2019s federal government\u00a0cut the size of a conservation unit in Par\u00e1 by <a href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2017\/04\/brazil-moves-to-cut-amazon-conservation-units-by-1-2-million-hectares\/\">1.2 million hectares<\/a> in order to allow a railway to be constructed and to open up new possibilities for mining operations. The government\u2019s far-reaching but unpopular austerity program also includes slashing the federal budget for environmental protection by 43 percent. Alfredo Sirkis, the Executive Secretary of the Brazilian Forum on Climate Change, recently\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.observatoriodoclima.eco.br\/corte-prejudicara-fiscalizacao-diz-sirkis\/\">told think-tank Observat\u00f3rio do Clima<\/a> (Climate Observatory)\u00a0that cuts would profoundly impact deforestation and, consequently, Brazil\u2019s ability to meet climate targets made under the Paris Agreement on climate change.<\/p>\n<h2>Par\u00e1: Feeding China\u2019s Iron Ore Demand<\/h2>\n<p>At the end of December 2016, Brazilian mining company Vale\u2019s U.S.$14.3 billion S11D project, the <a href=\"http:\/\/im-mining.com\/2017\/04\/14\/15-lasebvc-conveyor-belt-measuring-systems-historys-biggest-iron-ore-mining-project\/\">largest<\/a> open-pit iron mine on the planet, began operation. Construction required <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vale.com\/EN\/initiatives\/innovation\/s11d\/Pages\/default.aspx\">244,000 tonnes<\/a> of concrete, some four times more concrete than Rio\u2019s new Maracan\u00e3 football (soccer) stadium. The giant project was primarily set up to cater to Chinese demand and includes a railway extension and the expansion of Ponta da Madeira port. Chinese equipment accounts for about 80 percent of all machinery used in the project, <a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/\">Di\u00e1logo Chino<\/a>\u00a0learned when visiting the site in January. Vale declined to disclose the names of buyers when asked via email, but the company\u2019s main clients are Chinese, according to the company\u2019s latest <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vale.com\/EN\/investors\/information-market\/quarterly-results\/QuarterlyResultsDocs\/2016%204Q%20Vale%20IFRS%20USD_i.pdf\">quarterly results<\/a>. In 2016, 57.6 percent of all sales from Vale went to Chinese customers.<\/p>\n<p>According to Leonardo Neves, Vale\u2019s senior leader for the environment, socioeconomics, and land ownership management for the S11D project, Vale representatives traveled to China to seek partners for the project, which was conceived in 2003.<\/p>\n<p>Par\u00e1 depends on China for around 35 percent of its total exports. Of its exports to China, iron ore extracted from within the state\u2019s borders\u2014an area around five times the size of the U.K.\u2014accounts for 80 percent. The increased production at S11D\u2014Vale expects to export 90 million tonnes by 2020\u2014will make Par\u00e1 the biggest iron ore-producing state in Brazil.<\/p>\n<p>The S11D mine is located in an ecosystem called a <em>canga <\/em>or <a href=\"http:\/\/www2.anba.com.br\/noticia\/10796889\/sustainable-development\/mining-companies-seek-sustainability\/?indice=160\">metallophile savannah<\/a>, tropical forest that sits on a consolidated rock formation consisting mostly of iron. But these rich metal deposits form the basis of an ecosystem that is also very vulnerable.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAn ecosystem of this type in the middle of the forest creates an evolutionary situation conducive to the emergence of endemic species, caves, and lagoons, which need to be preserved,\u201d explains Frederico Martins, head of the Caraj\u00e1s National Forest where the project is located. \u201cAt least 40 botanical species are only found in this place. If mining takes place across the savannah, we are going to eliminate an entire ecosystem,\u201d adds Martins, who is also an environmental analyst for the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.icmbio.gov.br\/portal\/\">Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation<\/a> (ICMBIO), the federal agency responsible for environmental monitoring of the area.<\/p>\n<p>The establishment of the S11D project has already irreversibly destroyed 44 caves, according to Martins, as well as cleared approximately 2,500 hectares of native vegetation, which have been subsumed into the open pit. To compensate for this damage, ICMBIO negotiated with Vale the creation of a new conservation unit called the Campos Ferruginosos National Park on land the company is in the process of acquiring for the park. Within the new park, Vale is obligated to protect twice the number of caves impacted by S11D.<\/p>\n<p>According to Martins, Vale contributes around U.S.$4 million per year to help ICMBIO employ around 100 forest rangers, who protect against mining incursions into protected areas. Neves says: \u201cSince the creation of these units, Vale has worked on protecting forests against illegal deforestation and gold-mining.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The operating license for S11D, which was granted by the federal agency the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) after ICMBIO and Vale reached the agreement on forest protection, also requires the company to stay at least 500 meters away from two perennial high-altitude lakes, Viol\u00e3o and Amendoim, which are located next to the mine. Other projects belonging to the company, such as mines located in the mountains in the north of the Caraj\u00e1s chain known as the N4 and N5, have destroyed similar lakes, says Martins, who adds that ICMBIO is still unclear on how these two lakes will be preserved but will intensely monitor the operational phase of the project.<\/p>\n<p>The establishment of the new Caraj\u00e1s park also requires Vale to negotiate with landowners and settlers who occupy areas that will fall within its boundaries, and these negotiations take place against a backdrop of competing claims over the legality of land tenure, frequent police evictions, and farmers\u2019 resettling on contested land.<\/p>\n<p>Farmer Jos\u00e9 Raimundo Garcez Anjos has been fighting in court to prove that Vale bought land illegally from farmers who had received land titles from INCRA (the Brazilian agency responsible for agrarian reform) after around 400 families were removed from the area by riot police and national security forces in February 2016.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere\u2019s land ownership chaos in the Amazon, nobody knows who owns what land. That\u2019s a big problem that we need to solve,\u201d says Jos\u00e9 Benatti, Director of the Law Department of Federal University of Par\u00e1 and a specialist in land conflict. \u201cThe companies might not be violent themselves, but they create a pressure on the land market that makes the one who owns a land title sell it.\u201d Benatti explains that third-party buyers often come with threats in order to acquire titles, which they then sell to big companies.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe had been growing rice, beans, [and] cassava for at least nine months. Then Vale sent an injunction telling us to leave within 24 hours. We lost everything,\u201d Garcez Anjos claims. In other places, like Vila Mozartin\u00f3polis, in the same Cana\u00e3 dos Caraj\u00e1s municipality, Vale successfully negotiated with landowners and rural workers. Approximately 50 families living in small houses in the village received five <em>alqueires<\/em> (a measure of an area of productive land, in this case 13.6 hectares) with a home connected to water and electricity in a new settlement.<\/p>\n<h2>Social and Economic Impacts<\/h2>\n<p>Tens of thousands of people migrated to the nearby city of Cana\u00e3 dos Caraj\u00e1s (located in the municipality of the same name) when construction on S11D <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vale.com\/brasil\/EN\/aboutvale\/news\/Pages\/s11d-licenca-de-instalacao-do-projeto-e-emitida-pelo-ibama.aspx\">began<\/a> in 2013, and the city\u2019s population doubled from just over 30,000 to 60,000, <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2paMoCL\">according to<\/a> local government <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2paMoCL\">figures<\/a>. Pressure on public health and education services followed, which, under the terms of the social and environmental licensing process, obligated Vale to build schools and a hospital in the city in partnership with local authorities. When the mine\u2019s construction phase ended, many people found themselves out of work and the number of unemployed in Cana\u00e3 shot up. When work at S11D was in full swing, about 15,000 workers were directly or indirectly involved in the project; during the next operational phase, there will only be around 2,600 employees.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI\u2019ve been trying to find a new job for four months,\u201d says Joelson de Lima, who worked on S11D. Vale and the local city government\u2019s response to the problem consisted mainly of paying travel expenses for unemployed workers brought in for the initial phases of the project to return back to their places of origin.<\/p>\n<p>City dwellers interviewed for this story have also reported an increase in violence in the region that they attribute to a result of intense unemployment and the proliferation of brothels.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis voracious mining is not just very predatory for the ecosystem, it is economically predatory to the nation. In the long run, it is disastrous,\u201d says Martins, adding somewhat rhetorically: \u201cAre we going to destroy everything and sell it to China at a bargain price so we can have Chinese smartphones? Is this what the Brazilian government wants?&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>On his most recent trip to Latin America, Chinese president Xi Jinping stressed the need to work with Latin American partners to reduce their economies\u2019 dependence on the <a href=\"http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2016-11\/11\/c_135822597.htm\">export of primary products<\/a>. In support of this, last month the Chinese and Brazilian governments <a href=\"http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2017-05\/31\/c_136328445.htm\">launched<\/a> a joint U.S.$20 billion \u201cproductive cooperation fund,\u201d which aims to reduce <a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/latin-america-must-redefine-relations-with-china\/\">imbalances<\/a> in the trading relationship whereby Brazil mostly exports raw materials and imports manufactured products with value-added.<\/p>\n<p>Li Jinzhang, China\u2019s Ambassador to Brazil, <a href=\"http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2017-05\/31\/c_136328445.htm\">said<\/a> at the launch of the fund: \u201cWith our comprehensive strategic partnership, Brazil is a priority country for China\u2019s strategy of expanding productive capacity. The China-Brazil Fund guarantees the financial mechanism to expand cooperation.\u201d<em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>This story was produced in partnership with <\/em><em><u><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinafile.com\/\">ChinaFile<\/a>,<\/u><\/em><em> a not-for-profit online magazine published by the Asia Society\u2019s Center on U.S.-China Relations.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Giant iron ore mine in Brazilian Amazonian state of Par\u00e1 is having big impacts on local ecology <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40000225,"featured_media":50024956,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[758],"tags":[506,537,566],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000021,20000110],"class_list":["post-50009301","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","tag-amazon","tag-ecosystems","tag-mining","country-brazil","country-china"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>China is Driving a Boom in Brazilian Mining, but at What Cost? 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