{"id":50011549,"date":"2018-09-04T16:10:34","date_gmt":"2018-09-04T15:10:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/?p=11549"},"modified":"2023-06-15T19:48:01","modified_gmt":"2023-06-15T16:48:01","slug":"11549-chile-and-argentina-scale-up-salmon-farming","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/11549-chile-and-argentina-scale-up-salmon-farming\/","title":{"rendered":"Chile and Argentina scale up salmon farming"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Following rapid expansion in neighbouring Chile, Argentina is looking to advance the installation of salmon farms despite the risks intensive production present to its unique and sensitive biodiversity.<\/p>\n<p>The Southern Cone countries are responding to increased demand for salmon globally, with China a booming new market. The Asian country doubled imports from Chile in the first half of this year, according to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.salmonexpert.cl\/article\/japon-y-china-incrementan-los-numeros-de-exportaciones-salmonideas-chilenas\/\">official figures<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cChina is a very significant market and we are optimistic that it will continue to grow. Consumption is increasing and salmon is already a part of their diet,\u201d said Arturo Clement, president of&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.salmonchile.cl\/en\/\">SalmonChile<\/a>, an industry association, adding; \u201cFor many years, we have been waiting for this to happen.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2>Argentina spawns salmon industry<\/h2>\n<p>With a close eye on this trend, Argentina has initiated feasibility studies to begin production in the Beagle Channel, a strait in the southernmost Tierra del Fuego region of South America. The first step will be to evaluate potentially suitable sites for production, according to spokespersons from the Argentine Undersecretary of Fisheries and Aquaculture.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d1172499.0930108314!2d-68.99777501126991!3d-54.9724451996715!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0xbc4c25de25f0be69%3A0xc4e42c4a1423eb8c!2sBeagle+Channel!5e0!3m2!1sen!2suk!4v1536060868018\" width=\"710\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>However, biodiversity experts and environmental groups see these studies as a mere formality that will be overlooked by the interest in expanding production in Patagonia, which has lingered for years. They also claim the introduction of salmon farms violates the UN\u2019s&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/\">Convention on Biological Diversity<\/a>, an international agreement signed by Argentina and Chile prohibiting the introduction of \u2018exotic\u2019 species.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Patagonia possesses unique geographical conditions and great environmental diversity. Intense industrial activity involving an exotic species is not compatible with this<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u201cThere is a good chance that the salmon farms will be set up. They have the capital and the interested investors. However, we are extremely concerned that moving forward with its development would cause irreversible damage to the environment,\u201d said Alexandra Sapoznikow, coordinator of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/marpatagonico.org\/en\/\">Forum for the Conservation of the Patagonian Sea and Areas of Influence.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The introduction of salmon would impact invertebrate organisms unique to the region, such as cold water corals and sponges, experts said.<\/p>\n<p>In Chile and Norway, the world\u2019s leading salmon producers, fish live on a controlled diet based on soybean meal which, when excreted, changes the sea\u2019s chemical composition.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cEach cage can house between 30,000 and 50,000 salmon which defecate all day and contaminate the seabed. The faeces decompose and produce nitrogen and oxygen, altering the quality of the water and leading to the flowering of toxic algae,\u201d said Juan Carlos C\u00e1rdenas, director of&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ecoceanos.cl\/\">Chilean NGO EcoOce\u00e1nos.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, salmon often escape from cages, threatening native fish.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSalmon is not a native species and that brings problems. They are carnivorous, they devour other species in the area, and become predators,\u201d said Estefan\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez, oceans coordinator for Greenpeace Chile.<\/p>\n<p>She added: \u201cPatagonia possesses unique geographical conditions and great environmental diversity. Intense industrial activity involving an exotic species is not compatible with this.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Argentina and Chile would do well to learn from past experience. A century ago, they introduced trout to Patagonian rivers, primarily for recreational fishing. Yet uncontrolled breeding meant numbers of the invasive species grew rapidly, leading to devastating impacts on local aquatic ecosystems.<\/p>\n<h2>Chile: regional salmon powerhouse<\/h2>\n<p>The majority of pink salmon eaten today in Latin America comes from Chilean farms. The country exports two main species:&nbsp;<em>Salmon salar<\/em>&nbsp;(better known as Atlantic salmon) and the<em>&nbsp;Coho&nbsp;<\/em>salmon (known as Pacific salmon).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.salmonchile.cl\/en\/exportaciones.php\">Offical figures show<\/a>&nbsp;that Chile now exports 820,000 tons of salmon per year, worth some US$4.7 billion. The US, Japan, Brazil and Russia are the largest export destinations, with China growing in prominence having imported 24,000 tons in the first half of this year.<\/p>\n<div class='block--pullout-stat block--pullout-stat--float cd-shortcode--factbox'>\n                <p class='block--pullout-stat__title'>37%<\/p>\n                <div class='block--pullout-stat__content'>\n                    <br \/>\nof the world\u2019s seafood and aquatic products are consumed by China<br \/>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<p>Chilean exports to China are expected to grow in tandem with China\u2019s consumption of other seafood products. Today, China consumes 37% of the world\u2019s seafood and aquatic products,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.undercurrentnews.com\/2018\/01\/12\/rabobank-china-to-drive-more-than-half-of-global-seafood-consumption-growth-over-next-decade\/\">a figure that is expected to exceed 50% within the next decade.<\/a>&nbsp;But there is an inverse relationship with the quality of food imported.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cChile offers a cheaper and poorer quality salmon than Norway,\u201d said Alex Mu\u00f1oz, director for Latin America of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.org\/projects\/pristine-seas\/\">National Geographic\u2019s&nbsp;<em>Pristine Seas<\/em>&nbsp;initiative.<\/a>&nbsp;\u201cSales to more demanding markets such as the US are falling, while exports to countries with weaker regulations are steadily growing.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Other common practices used in salmon production worry environmental groups. Cages, for example, are surrounded by nets painted with heavy metals such as copper to prevent the adhesion of marine organisms. These substances are highly toxic and are also harmful to biodiversity.<\/p>\n<p>Dyes are used to make the salmon meat pink since it is naturally white when produced industrially. Wild salmon, on the other hand, feed on shrimp and crabs, which gives it its particular colour.<\/p>\n<h2>Antibiotic consumption<\/h2>\n<p>Industrial salmon production can also pose health risks for consumers as a result of exposure to high levels of antibiotics, especially in Chile.<\/p>\n<p>Oceana, an NGO,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/chile.oceana.org\/publicaciones\/informes\/uso-de-antibioticos-en-la-salmonicultura-chilena-causas-efectos-y-riesgos&amp;sa=D&amp;source=hangouts&amp;ust=1536081841419000&amp;usg=AFQjCNFWlZjXfxU7GHTrivl2bu5q_ahUZw\">estimates<\/a>&nbsp;that by weight, Chile uses almost 700 times more antibiotics than Norway to produce salmon. While Chile produced 727.8 tonnes of salmon using 382.5 tonnes of antibiotics in 2016, the latest year for which data is available, Norway produced nearly twice as much salmon (over 1,233 tonnes) using just 523 kilos, or half a tonne, of antibiotic substances.<\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"highcharts-iframe\" style=\"border: 0; width: 100%; height: 425px;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloud.highcharts.com\/embed\/N6M5rwp2J\/\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>According to the Chilean salmon association, salmon reaches consumers without antibiotics, which are used as growth promoters and not to prevent diseases. They say producers must respect a grace period, during which time fish metabolise the chemical and expel it from the body. However, this does not always happen and antibiotics ingested through eating salmon can generate resistance to them.<\/p>\n<p>For this reason, the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) have&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/a-a0282e.pdf\">called on companies to use antibiotics responsibly.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u201cAn exorbitant amount of antibiotics is used and there are no regulations controlling their use. The industry gives healthy salmon antibiotics to keep them from getting sick. In addition, there are problems with inspection and control, which should ensure that the grace period is being respected,\u201d said C\u00e1rdenas.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe consumers do not know what they are eating,\u201d he warned.<\/p>\n<p>China introduced imports of Chilean salmon following a half-decade diplomatic conflict with Norway. Meanwhile, concern over food safety has become a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=http:\/\/www.chinadaily.com.cn\/a\/201808\/22\/WS5b7cbb04a310add14f387125.html&amp;sa=D&amp;source=hangouts&amp;ust=1536159996364000&amp;usg=AFQjCNGYIUUv2n3SDzBf0LPuxQJTmStsXw\">hot topic<\/a>&nbsp;in China, given new regulations enabling trout to be labelled and sold as salmon.<\/p>\n<p>But while Chile and Argentina look to capitalise on the growth in consumption amid looser regulations in China, other parts of the world are scaling back imports.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/qz.com\/234197\/america-catches-some-of-the-worlds-best-salmon-but-eats-some-of-the-worst\/\">Large supermarket chains in the US and Canada have in recent years rejected imports of salmon from Chile<\/a>&nbsp;because of their high levels of antibiotics and food safety concerns. Moreover,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/british-columbia\/washington-state-fish-farms-salmon-farming-1.4560888\">Washington State, in the US<\/a>&nbsp;recently banned the installation of cultivation centres due their environmental impacts.<\/p>\n<p>For Mu\u00f1oz, ignoring these moves would be disaster:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cArgentina\u2019s Patagonia is one of the last wild and pristine ecosystems in the world.&nbsp; The country would make a monumental mistake if salmon farming were to be developed.&nbsp; It is an exotic and invasive species which generates an environmental problem that is difficult to solve.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Growing market, weaker rules in China precipitate a boom that threatens Patagonia\u2019s biodiversity<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40000225,"featured_media":50021894,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039901,760],"tags":[40027751,50040317,545],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000020,50000024],"class_list":["post-50011549","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ocean","category-pollution","tag-aquaculture","tag-farming","tag-fisheries","country-argentina","country-chile"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Chile and Argentina scale up salmon farming | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Growing market, weaker rules in China precipitate a boom that threatens Patagonia\u2019s biodiversity\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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