{"id":50019746,"date":"2019-01-07T09:41:12","date_gmt":"2019-01-07T09:41:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/?p=19746"},"modified":"2023-03-12T22:46:22","modified_gmt":"2023-03-12T22:46:22","slug":"19746-china-made-brazil-a-global-agricultural-powerhouse-but-who-benefits","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/19746-china-made-brazil-a-global-agricultural-powerhouse-but-who-benefits\/","title":{"rendered":"China made Brazil a global agricultural powerhouse. But who benefits?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Over the past 15 years, China\u2019s explosive growth has moulded Brazil into a global agricultural powerhouse. Driven by growing Chinese demand for commodities, Brazil went from net\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/economia.estadao.com.br\/noticias\/geral,brasil-passa-a-ser-3-maior-exportador-agricola-mas-clima-ameaca-futuro,70002506105\">food importer<\/a>\u00a0to the third largest exporter of agricultural products in the world. In 2009, China became Brazil\u2019s largest trading partner, leaving the US in an ever distant second.<\/p>\n<p>The boom meant years of growth for Brazil. It stabilised years of hyperinflation with stacks of foreign currency reserves and bold domestic social policies expanded the workforce, lifting tens of millions out of poverty.<\/p>\n<p>Then came crisis. China\u2019s growth slowed and leftist then-president Dilma Rousseff implemented\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-brazil-politics-rousseff\/brazils-rousseff-undone-by-hubris-economic-missteps-idUSKCN0Y12G6\">a series of controversial economic policies that went badly wrong<\/a>. An unprecedented corruption scandal further corroded the credibility of the political and economic establishment. An almost three-year long recession threw millions back into poverty and unemployment.<\/p>\n<p>In 2018, Brazilians voted for radical change. New far-right president Jair Bolsonaro has promised to transform the country. As part of his overhaul, he has promised closer alignment with the US. He has identified China\u2019s growing influence in Brazil as a threat.<\/p>\n<div class=\"SandboxRoot env-bp-350\" data-twitter-event-id=\"0\">\n<div class=\"resize-sensor\">\n<div class=\"resize-sensor-shrink\">\n<div>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en-gb\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Congratulations to Brazil\u2019s new President Bolsonaro. It\u2019s great to have another U.S.-friendly leader in South America, who will join the fight against dictatorships in Venezuela and Cuba, and who clearly understands the danger of China\u2019s expanding influence in the region.<\/p>\n<p>\u2014 Nikki Haley (@NikkiHaley) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/NikkiHaley\/status\/1080268599967784960?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">2 January 2019<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>China, however, is likely to stick around. Exports are growing, and, following a visit from Chinese ambassador Li Jinzhang,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www1.folha.uol.com.br\/mercado\/2018\/11\/comercio-com-a-china-pode-ser-ampliado-diz-bolsonaro.shtml\">Bolsonaro said trade between the two countries \u201ccould even grow\u201d during his presidency<\/a>. Today, China is the destination for\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mdic.gov.br\/comercio-exterior\/estatisticas-de-comercio-exterior\/comex-vis\/frame-pais\">27%<\/a>\u00a0of Brazilian exports,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mdic.gov.br\/comercio-exterior\/estatisticas-de-comercio-exterior\/comex-vis\/frame-pais?pais=usa\">the US accounts for 12%<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cUnlike the other great partner we have, the US, China effectively needs Brazil,\u201d Roberto Jaguaribe, head of Brazil\u2019s Trade and Investment Promotion Agency, told a recent\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cebri.org\/evento\/conferencia-cebri-apex-santander:-brasil-china:-debatendo-propostas-para-o-futuro;jsessionid=E5AEE4B2B7E349F4EE4ACF6E0952D540\">conference on Brazil-China relations<\/a>. \u201cIt\u2019s not an ideological question, but one of supply and demand.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In light of government failure to stimulate powerful economic growth in the last four years, experts hope Brazil can seize the multiple opportunities the Chinese market presents.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s a pivotal point,\u201d career diplomat Jos\u00e9 Alfredo Gra\u00e7a Lima told the conference. Brazil, he said, needs to decide \u201cwhat its true needs are.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Ambassador Li agrees the relationship is at a critical juncture:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe can say we are the best moment, and at the same time, the worst. The best because of the irreversible rise of the group of developing countries, and the worst because certain countries attack economic globalisation with \u2018fire and fury,\u2019 resisting the construction of a fairer, more reasonable and more inclusive international system.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2>Brazil and China 45 years on<\/h2>\n<p>This year will mark 45 years of China-Brazil relations. When they were established in 1974, a military dictatorship ruled Brazil, promising to save the country from communism. Former army captain Bolsonaro has expressed support for Brazil\u2019s violent, historic anti-communist purge and invoked the\u00a0<em>de facto<\/em>\u00a0government\u2019s actions in speeches railing against successive former Worker\u2019s Party (PT) presidents Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva (known as Lula) and Dilma Rousseff.<\/p>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_20357\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20357\" style=\"width: 988px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20357\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Ernesto-Geisel-China.gif\" alt=\"brazil china\" width=\"988\" height=\"673\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20357\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ernesto Geisel,\u00a0the president who initiated Brazilian relations with China, with American President Jimmy Carter in 1978 image:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/embaixadaeua-brasil\/3359342549\/in\/photolist-Cwn9y-67Rvv8\">US Embassy<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13120\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><\/div>\n<p><\/div>\n<p>As both countries grew, relations grew tighter, resulting in the signing of a 1993 strategic partnership. In 2004, they created the Chinese-Brazilian High-Level Concertation and Cooperation Commission. 2017 saw relations upgraded to a \u2018comprehensive strategic partnership\u2019, the highest level diplomatic status China bestows on international partners.<\/p>\n<p>There is complementarity in the relationship: China needs the resources Brazil provides.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere is a certain parallel between the two countries. There is a symmetry,\u201d said Valdemar Carneiro Le\u00e3o, Brazil\u2019s ambassador to China until 2015. \u201c[China] likes to say that China and Brazil are the two biggest developing countries in the two hemispheres.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>According to Jaguaribe, however, China isn\u2019t, nor will be, a predictable and self-sufficient partner: \u201cIt will have great demands on three fundamental sectors: energy, food and minerals. Those are three sectors Brazil is highly qualified to serve.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Trade has mostly centered on commodities, with soybeans making up the bulk of trade. Soybeans are mostly fed to China\u2019s pigs. In 2014, Brazil was responsible for 36% of Chinese imports of soy. The commodity is one of the few food products China relies on other countries to supply.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinadialogue.net\/article\/show\/single\/en\/7768-China-s-polluted-soil-and-water-will-drive-up-world-food-prices\">With a growing population and heavily degraded soils<\/a>, China didn\u2019t have much choice but to look overseas and in 2001\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/chinas-search-for-food-in-latin-america-grabbing-headlines-not-land\/\">slashed import duties<\/a>\u00a0on the import of the staple.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis created a dependence for us that is, in the case of soy, concerning. It already accounts for 80% of all we produce,\u201d Carneiro Le\u00e3o said. \u201cBut Brazil is lucky to have a buyer.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The experts say the partnership between the two countries led to closer coordination for developing countries in the international arena. Through BRICS, the political bloc that unites China, Brazil, India, Russia and South Africa, and the BASIC group (which excludes Russia) they fought for change in global governance and environmental policy.<\/p>\n<p>This year, Brazil is president of the BRICS and will host its annual conference.<\/p>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20361\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20361\" style=\"width: 982px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20361\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/BRICS-brazil.jpg\" alt=\"brazil china\" width=\"982\" height=\"725\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20361\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">image:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/89516183@N04\/14992787292\/in\/photolist-q5Fped-AvnuXt-B9ksgN-AbvESy-A9vsQD-om7ZF5-oa2QgN-omcY8z-ojsuKW-oQTKkr-omsJKd-oQRXjC-o9NxX9-or5XNo-or1RGk-qTyfUw-AuKUFK-B6jaXV-B7r9Ka-AswLWT-AeJ1xT-B6uLjF-AuMLhg-B7ijKg-B6jaSz-A9qs6x-A9hnwQ-vMWcjz-At5ewp-B82sii-Ax65Ja-vEYki6\/\">Embaixada \u00cdndia em Bras\u00edlia<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Primarisation or Deindustralisation?<\/h2>\n<p>Some worry that China\u2019s market demand and manufacturing competitiveness strain Brazilian industries and risk jobs.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s not a problem just for Brazil,\u201d said Lia Valls, an economist at the Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Get\u00falio Vargas. \u201cIt\u2019s a global thing. What you have to do is get better in the service sector, since agribusiness doesn\u2019t employ that many people, and neither does the extractive industry.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Valls adds that Brazil used to have a powerful footwear industry, and even sold cellphones to the US. But cheaper Chinese products meant Brazil lost market share, not only in the US, but within South America.<\/p>\n<p>Brazil was, in many ways, left behind.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/funag.gov.br\/loja\/index.php?route=product\/product&amp;product_id=844\">In 1980, it contributed 2.3% to the global industrial GDP, and China to 1%; in 2011, however, Brazil was contributing 2.1%, and China, 8.1%<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Today, Brazil exports mainly three products to China: soybeans, iron ore and oil. Together they account for more than 80% of exports. Experts say Brazil needs to diversify and demand from China\u2019s growing middle class will bring opportunities.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe have to create strategies for each sector so we can reach the shelves,\u201d said Jaguaribe, adding that Brazil needs to better understand the Chinese market. Coffee and China\u2019s newfound interest in football also present opportunities, he said. Brazilian investors should look to China despite the misconception that this might mean exporting jobs.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s better to sell 20 or 30% of something than 100% of nothing,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<p>Valls said Brazil has other obstacles to overcome in order to compete, including mind-boggling\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2016\/may\/06\/brazil-form-filling-rio-de-janeiro-letter-from-our-correspondent\">bureaucracy<\/a>\u00a0and a patchy logistics structure.<\/p>\n<p>Brazil is by far the Latin American country that receives the juiciest share of Chinese investment. In terms of foreign direct investment (FDI),\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/static.poder360.com.br\/2018\/12\/boletim-investimentos-chineses-no-brasil-7.pdf\">Chinese investors have channeled $70 billion to Brazil since 2003 and announced a further $65 billion in 155 confirmed projects<\/a>. However, most Chinese FDI has supported mergers and acquisitions, not greenfield projects.<\/p>\n<p>Chang Yunbo, the CEO of CCC Latin America, which recently bought Brazilian engineering company Concremat, told an audience of investors Brazil didn\u2019t do enough to support greenfield investment.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe public sector cannot just take it for granted,\u201d he told investors in Sao Paulo recently. \u201cIt\u2019s easy to grant a concession. To generate a massive-scale long term transportation infrastructure project, which will take billions and billions in investments [but] there needs to be more participation, more contribution, more responsibilities from the public sector.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2>Environmental Impacts<\/h2>\n<p>Brazil\u2019s soy production has expanded massively in the last 15 years and it is now the world\u2019s leading procducer. In 2004, Brazil produced almost\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br\/agencia-sala-de-imprensa\/2013-agencia-de-noticias\/releases\/13037-asi-producao-de-soja-cai-456-em-2004-mas-brasil-ainda-e-segundo-maior-produtor-mundial\">50 million tonnes of soybeans<\/a><u>.<\/u>\u00a0Estimates for 2018 put the figure at 117 million tonnes.<\/p>\n<p>This has come at a\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/trade-war-alarms-brazilian-environmentalists\/\">great cost to Brazil\u2019s savanna-like biome<\/a>, the Cerrado. Since the 1970s, the Cerrado has lost nearly half of its natural vegetation to the expansion of plantations and pastures. This is less of a problem in the Amazon, where other factors drive deforestation.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cBrazil increased its soy production in the last 12 years, and continues to. But at the same time, Brazil managed to reduce deforestation in the Amazon,\u201d said Beto Ver\u00edssimo, co-founder of Imazon, an environmental watchdog.<\/p>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_20364\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20364\" style=\"width: 953px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20364\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/brazil-agriculture.jpg\" alt=\"brazil soy\" width=\"953\" height=\"715\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20364\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">image:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/amicor\/3748184220\/in\/photolist-6hdqzs-rpkju4-s4rsg5-mrxdlw-wfuwwp-spu8jc-s4ttic-4bn7aq-spvzn9-sm3acq-sskk6b-rnoe3a-wfuurf-5vwjpt-y35mhx-ywxuph-ef3htd-xbyafh-bfis9k-7shtxj-qpyfeb-8nuxgq-a5t3pf-4nbimr-c5pvlu-mniqub-rklbw1-wmzj32-wnftsw-rn9g4s-nhkwcg-spwq6w-xrmpmb-przqss-phytsh-6tdt1f-fcjl8o-qbmu5e-geyqxc-8zjftk-fc5tkn-atdq4y-7jgezg-azaxw5-e9srdv-gfty3m-acrrqu-7ph595-sa5vlc-6gt5nf\">Javier<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<p>For Ver\u00edssimo, reductions in the rates deforestation prior to a recent spike show it\u2019s possible to increase production of the products China demands while still protecting the environment.<\/p>\n<p>In 2006, commodity traders signed up to the Soy Moratorium, a pact designed by producers and environmental activists pledging to refrain from selling soy produced in deforested areas.<\/p>\n<h2>Climate Allies<\/h2>\n<p>Brazil and China\u2019s partnership on environment has in recent years translated into global cooperation on climate change. As the US has vowed to abandon the Paris Agreement, the world has looked to China for leadership in the fight to stave off climate change.<\/p>\n<p>As the custodian of the world\u2019s largest tropical forest, Brazil will be central to any international commitment.<\/p>\n<p>So far, however, the new government\u2019s orientation has worried environmentalists. <a href=\"https:\/\/oglobo.globo.com\/sociedade\/bolsonaro-diz-que-pediu-cancelamento-da-cop-25-no-brasil-cita-triplo-a-23266445\">Bolsonaro admitted to asking<\/a>\u00a0Brazil\u2019s Foreign Ministry to withdraw its candidacy to host global climate talks later this year.<\/p>\n<p>Brazil witnessed a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/01\/01\/world\/americas\/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-president.html\">surge in deforestation\u00a0<\/a>during the election campaign as Bolsonaro threatened to curb the remit of environmental agencies responsible for protecting forests.<\/p>\n<p>According to Jaguaribe, making good on this pledge would be disastrous: \u201cGiving that up, something which brings us a position of global leadership, not just environmental, but agro-environmental, is foolish.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Over the past 15 years, China\u2019s explosive growth has moulded Brazil into a global agricultural powerhouse. Driven by growing Chinese demand for commodities, Brazil went from net\u00a0food importer\u00a0to the third largest exporter of agricultural products in the world. In 2009, China became Brazil\u2019s largest trading partner, leaving the US in an ever distant second. The [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000003,"featured_media":50019809,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[758],"tags":[512,50040317,595,600],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000021,20000110],"class_list":["post-50019746","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","tag-brics","tag-farming","tag-soy","tag-trade","country-brazil","country-china"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>China made Brazil a global agricultural powerhouse. But who benefits? | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Buoyed by Chinese demand for soy, Brazil grew and developed. 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Driven by growing Chinese demand for\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/19746-china-made-brazil-a-global-agricultural-powerhouse-but-who-benefits\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Dialogue Earth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-01-07T09:41:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-03-12T22:46:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/brazil-soya-e1546880049338.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Sophie Bauer\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/19746-china-made-brazil-a-global-agricultural-powerhouse-but-who-benefits\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/19746-china-made-brazil-a-global-agricultural-powerhouse-but-who-benefits\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Sophie Bauer\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/13be13a3669749b0781e820df167ff8a\"},\"headline\":\"China made Brazil a global agricultural powerhouse. 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