{"id":50021768,"date":"2019-01-30T16:04:57","date_gmt":"2019-01-30T16:04:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/?p=21768"},"modified":"2023-03-12T22:28:50","modified_gmt":"2023-03-12T22:28:50","slug":"21768-latin-american-workforce-swells-by-two-million-thanks-to-china","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/21768-latin-american-workforce-swells-by-two-million-thanks-to-china\/","title":{"rendered":"Latin American workforce swells by two million thanks to China"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A period of intense economic engagement with China generated 1.96 million jobs in Latin America but employment is largely low-skilled and unevenly distributed across the region, new research by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) shows.<\/p>\n<p>Between 2000 and 2017, Brazil\u2019s workforce swelled by 1.6 million as a result of trade with China, Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) and infrastructure projects. Whereas Mexico lost 350,000 jobs, owing mainly to imports of Chinese products that compete with its own, according to the study, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.dusselpeters.com\/133.pdf\"><em>Effects of China on the Quality and Quantity of Employment in Latin America<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"highcharts-iframe\" style=\"border: 0; width: 100%; height: 425px;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloud.highcharts.com\/embed\/03mxSANb7\/\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 1000px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span>\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\u201cGiven Latin America and the Caribbean\u2019s need to generate jobs, two million is really significant,\u201d said Enrique Dussel Peters, co-author of the research, which also collects data from Argentina, Peru and Chile.<\/p>\n<p>The new figures, which build on the first of their kind compiled in 2016, show that trade accounted for the largest share of new jobs, followed by FDI and then infrastructure projects. The previous study held China responsible for 2% of net job creation in the region between 2000 and 2011, or 1.15 million jobs. Though growing, the figure represents just 14% of jobs generated by the same sources in the US in the same period.<\/p>\n<p>Crucially, the low proportion of new high-skilled jobs appears to reflect some Latin American countries\u2019 stubbornness to diversify away from raw material exports to industries that add value. Regional leaders and Chinese counterparts have pledged to work together to achieve this, a process known as \u2018upgrading\u2019.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_22538\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-22538\" style=\"width: 599px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22538\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/ILO-cover.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"599\" height=\"780\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-22538\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The report builds on the first data of its kind published in 2017<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Winners, losers and outliers<\/h2>\n<p>Brazilians gained significantly from economic exchanges with China in terms of employment, with major infrastructure projects playing a big role. Publicly-owned Chinese energy company State Grid alone created 100,000 jobs, including 17,000 on its 5,000 kilometre <a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/7240-belo-monte-power-lines-will-clear-extensive-vegetation\/\">Amazon-bisecting<\/a> hydroelectric transmission line.<\/p>\n<p>A handful of countries \u2013 Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Trinidad &amp; Tobago and Venezuela \u2013 account for 52 of 69 Chinese infrastructure projects, which equate to 85% of their total value and 88% of employment generated in the region by this source of economic activity.<\/p>\n<p>However, across Latin America, the main engine of employment remains the production of China-bound commodities such as oil, copper, iron ore and soy.<\/p>\n<p>Throughout the region, agricultural exports contributed to the largest share of new jobs created by China since the turn of the century, some 1.7 million. Worldwide, however, technological advances and greater efficiency in these sectors have begun to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/sustainable-business\/2016\/feb\/18\/automated-farming-food-security-rural-jobs-unemployment-technology\">displace workers<\/a> in recent years.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21799\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/A-handful-of-countries-Argentina-Bolivia-Brazil-Ecuador-Trinidad-Tobago-and-Venezuela-account-for-52-of-69-Chinese-infrastructure-projects-or-three-quarters-which-equates-to-85-of-the-total-val-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"850\" \/><\/p>\n<p>While Brazil has attracted most interest from Chinese investors \u2013 US$48 billion, according to the China-Latin America Academic Network\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/www.redalc-china.org\/monitor\/informacion-por-pais\/busqueda-por-pais\/29-brasil\">OFDI monitor<\/a> \u2013 its prolonged political and economic turmoil has led many to look elsewhere for fertile investment environments.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cCrises in Brazil, Argentina and Venezuela and the current and future benefits Chinese companies have spotted in Mexico have played an important role,\u201d said Dussel Peters, referring to the increase in Chinese FDI flows to the North American country.<\/p>\n<p>While Mexico leaked jobs through trade with China, it benefitted from US$5.5 billion in new Chinese FDI in 2017. The figure is 21% of the total share received since 2000 and translated into 24% more jobs from Chinese FDI than it had in the entire 16-year period preceding it.<\/p>\n<p>Unusually for a big Latin American economy, Mexico does not base its relationship with China on the trade in raw materials. While it has opened up its energy sector to foreign investment for the first time in 80 years, China channels most FDI in Mexico into manufacturing and the domestic market.<\/p>\n<h2>Labour conflicts<\/h2>\n<p>In Peru, the <a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/6870-las-bambas-conflict-presents-ppk-with-a-huge-opportunity\/\">Las Bambas<\/a> copper mine in the Apurimac region, accounted for 42% of all China-led employment in the country last year. There, disputes over environmental impacts have paralysed operations on occasions. Two other big employers in the sector, <a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/2558-violent-protests-underline-challenges-for-china-peru-mining-cooperation\/\">Shougang<\/a>, whose troubled iron ore venture accounted for 25%, and China Minmetals (19%), owner of the <a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/15576-the-chinese-mining-giant-and-the-ghost-town\/\">Toromocho<\/a> copper mine, have also witnessed violent conflicts with workers.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Incidents do not arise from abstract \u201ccultural differences\u201d, as is often suggested, but by Chinese companies\u2019 refusal to abide by host country labour laws<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>At Shougang, worker protests against the company\u2019s introduction of more flexible working hours turned violent in 2015 amid accusations the company hired <a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/2558-violent-protests-underline-challenges-for-china-peru-mining-cooperation\/\"><em>agent provocateurs<\/em><\/a> to justify a crackdown on disgruntled employees.<\/p>\n<p>According to the ILO report, such incidents do not arise from abstract \u201ccultural differences\u201d, as is often suggested, but by Chinese companies\u2019 <a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/10158-china-needs-urgent-oversight-of-investments-social-and-environmental-footprint\/\">refusal<\/a> to abide by host country labour laws.<\/p>\n<p>Labour disputes have also flared up at <a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/11437-chinese-infrastructure-in-latin-america-a-new-frontier\/\">infrastructure projects<\/a> staffed by low-skilled Latin American workers and Chinese managers, engineers and technicians.<\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"highcharts-iframe\" style=\"border: 0; width: 100%; height: 425px;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloud.highcharts.com\/embed\/aLXNmtdN-\/\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>This divide, and the lack of training and <a href=\"http:\/\/publications.atlanticcouncil.org\/china-fdi-latin-america\/\">knowledge transfer<\/a> from China to Latin America, is a longstanding problem identified by experts monitoring the relationship, who say the region enjoys fewer long-term benefits than it should.<\/p>\n<p>A <a href=\"http:\/\/focoeconomico.org\/2018\/11\/27\/politicas-de-libre-comercio-y-desigualdad-de-genero-en-el-mercado-laboral\/\">soon-to-be published paper<\/a> by researchers at the University of Colorado examines the impacts of China\u2019s 2001 entry into the World Trade Organisation on the Peruvian labour market, <a href=\"http:\/\/focoeconomico.org\/2018\/11\/27\/politicas-de-libre-comercio-y-desigualdad-de-genero-en-el-mercado-laboral\/\">noting<\/a> a sharp increase in trade but \u201cnegative and long-lasting\u201d impacts on employment.<\/p>\n<p>Industries that compete with Chinese imports suffered most. Low-skilled female workers were worst affected while employment for male counterparts scarcely changed.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt is increasingly essential to examine the gendered labour market impacts of trade liberalisation,\u201d according to\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/focoeconomico.org\/2018\/11\/27\/politicas-de-libre-comercio-y-desigualdad-de-genero-en-el-mercado-laboral\/\">co-authors<\/a> Andrea Velasquez, Hani Mansour and Pamela Medina. They added that displaced, mostly female, workers have limited ability to move into more productive sectors of the economy but that the government can help.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cPolicies aimed at increasing the mobility of women across sectors, such as training or education programmes, could potentially mitigate the negative impacts of trade,\u201d the economists recommended in an email to <em>Di\u00e1logo Chino<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h2>Low-carbon transition<\/h2>\n<p>In Chile, the renewable energy sector has brought employment opportunities with US$6 billion of Chinese investment generating over 10,000 jobs in new wind farms, solar plants and LED street lighting.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Social groups\u2019 preconceived idea about China as seeking only raw materials simply doesn\u2019t stand up<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Shanghai-based Envision Energy\u2019s Chilean operation invested US$33 million in a wind farm with an installed capacity of 10MW. Chinese company JA Solar&#8217;s joint venture with Soventix Chile SPA will create large solar farm while Jinko Solar is working with Chile\u2019s national energy agency (ENEL) on a 100MW plant. Sky Solar Holdings plans to add a further 300MW.<\/p>\n<p>According to Dussel Peters, China\u2019s role in Latin America\u2019s transition to cleaner economies is only likely to grow, helping dispel the myth that Chinese companies in the region act as a resource-hungry monolith with little care for the environment.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSocial groups\u2019 preconceived idea about China as seeking only raw materials simply doesn\u2019t stand up,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<p>A 2016 Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/mfa_eng\/zxxx_662805\/t1418254.shtml\">white paper<\/a> pledged to \u201calign high-quality capacity and advantageous equipment of China with the needs of Latin American and Caribbean countries.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>By developing secondary industries with Chinese investment and technology, some Latin American countries could \u201cupgrade\u201d their economies and reduce the dependence on raw materials. Primary industries created fewer jobs per Chinese investment transaction in Chile, whilst they appear to provide fewer long-term benefits for both employment and the environment.<\/p>\n<p>So far, however, Latin America has responded inadequately to pledges in the MFA document and to declarations on knowledge transfer at high-level <a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/10536-china-and-latin-america-set-new-priorities-at-major-chile-meet\/\">meetings with China<\/a>, such as that held by regional bloc the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), Dussel Peters said.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cLatin America and the Caribbean, its governments, elites, NGOs, and many others, simply don\u2019t challenge these proposals.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A period of intense economic engagement with China generated 1.96 million jobs in Latin America but employment is largely low-skilled and unevenly distributed across the region, new research by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) shows. Between 2000 and 2017, Brazil\u2019s workforce swelled by 1.6 million as a result of trade with China, Chinese foreign direct [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000004,"featured_media":50021769,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[758],"tags":[544,50040749,580,600],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000020,50002592,50000021,50000024,50002594,50002597,50002601,50041227,50002604],"class_list":["post-50021768","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","tag-finance","tag-livelihoods","tag-policy","tag-trade","country-argentina","country-bolivia","country-brazil","country-chile","country-ecuador","country-mexico","country-peru","country-trinidad-and-tobago","country-venezuela"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Latin American workforce swells by two million thanks to China | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Does China hurt jobs in Latin America? 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