{"id":50025605,"date":"2019-04-05T12:55:37","date_gmt":"2019-04-05T11:55:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/?p=25605"},"modified":"2023-09-22T20:59:34","modified_gmt":"2023-09-22T19:59:34","slug":"25588-niobiums-silent-impact-in-brazil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/25588-niobiums-silent-impact-in-brazil\/","title":{"rendered":"Niobium\u2019s silent impact in Brazil"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Back when his chances of winning the presidency were slim, Jair Bolsonaro lauded niobium \u2013 a base metal used in alloys for the aerospace, automotive, weapons, electronics, and construction industries \u2013 as the great saviour of Brazil.<\/p>\n<p>On <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bMR6ZxP2T0M\">a 2016 visit<\/a> to the Brazilian Metallurgy and Mining Company (CBMM), the largest niobium producer in the world, he said the element could be &#8220;more important than petroleum&#8221;. Bolsonaro highlighted the company&#8217;s positive influence on the city of Arax\u00e1, Minas Gerais State, where it had built houses for its workers and a school for their children.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;I wish other private companies had this management model,&#8221; said Bolsonaro at the end of his visit. &#8220;And better yet, public ones. We would certainly be a great country&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Nationalistic Bolsonaro was wary of Chinese companies\u2019 US$3 billion investment in the industry and its purchase of more than a third of Brazil&#8217;s niobium.<\/p>\n<div id=\"highcharts-gPB6_A3fn\"><script src=\"https:\/\/cloud.highcharts.com\/inject\/gPB6_A3fn\/\" defer=\"defer\"><\/script><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p>Yet he failed to acknowledge that the industry has for decades been dogged by accusations of sloppy environmental management, air and water pollution, and causing illnesses in communities living near mines.<\/p>\n<h2>Chinese interests<\/h2>\n<p>In 2011, the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.baosteel.com\/group_en\/contents\/2728\/37756.html\">China Niobium Investment Holdings Ltd.<\/a><u>,<\/u> a consortium of Chinese state-owned companies including Anshan Iron &amp; Steel Group, Baosteel, <a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/2558-violent-protests-underline-challenges-for-china-peru-mining-cooperation\/\">Shougang<\/a> Corp., and Taiyuan Iron &amp; Steel Group acquired 15% of CBMM in a transaction worth around US$1.95 billion. CBMM\u2019s production accounts for 75% niobium production.<\/p>\n<p>CBMM produces ferroniobium, a strengthened metal alloy used to fabricate high value steel. Last year, the company exported more than 84,000 tonnes, 30,000 of which went to China. The company recently announced plans to expand annual production to <a href=\"https:\/\/epocanegocios.globo.com\/Empresa\/noticia\/2019\/01\/epoca-negocios-cbmm-planeja-elevar-capacidade-produtiva-de-ferroniobio-a-150-mil-t-ate-o-fim-de-2020.html\">150,000 tonnes by 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The day-to-day reality of mining in Brazil is \u2018silent\u2019 contamination that has been dragging on for years<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In 2016, China Molybdenum Corporation (CMOC) acquired operations at the Chapad\u00e3o and Boa Vista mines, in Goi\u00e1s, for <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinamoly.com\/05news\/DOC\/E_03993_news_0429.pdf\">US$1.5 billion<\/a>. They were previously run by multinational mining company AngloAmerican. With the acquisition, CMOC snapped up 10% of global production. The company also extracts phosphate from the site.<\/p>\n<p>With Brazil responsible for 98% of the active reserves of niobium, ex-army captain Bolsonaro is keen to keep national control of the industry. &#8220;We can no longer (as we did recently) give Catal\u00e3o\u2019s niobium to another country,\u201d he said shortly after the 2018 election.<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, China\u2019s commercial relationship with Goi\u00e1s is growing fast. Chinese niobium imports from the state more than tripled between 2005 and 2015 \u2013 from 736 tonnes to 2,729 tonnes.<\/p>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'>\n<div id=\"highcharts-yXCegWh0r\"><script src=\"https:\/\/cloud.highcharts.com\/inject\/yXCegWh0r\/\" defer=\"defer\"><\/script><\/div>\n<div><\/div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p>According to Ricardo Fernandes of the State University of Goi\u00e1s (UEG), niobium is a strategically important resource for China\u2019s construction and high-technology industries, which are major motors of the Chinese economy.<\/p>\n<h2>Quiet, enduring impacts<\/h2>\n<p>While the industry has grown quickly and quietly in Brazil, it has a toxic legacy. Complaints from nearby communities about air and water pollution \u2013 and resulting sickness \u2013 have endured for decades.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;The day-to-day reality of mining in Brazil is \u2018silent\u2019 contamination that has been dragging on for years,&#8221; says Brother Rodrigo P\u00e9ret, a member of a regional environmental council that has reported mining <a href=\"http:\/\/www.falachico.org\/2018\/08\/cbmm-36-anos-de-contaminacao-em-araxa-mg_28.html\">problems<\/a> in Arax\u00e1, home to Brazil\u2019s oldest niobium mine at more than 50 years old.<\/p>\n<p>In 2018, the state prosecution service and CBMM<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mpmg.mp.br\/comunicacao\/noticias\/mpmg-firma-acordo-com-a-companhia-brasileira-de-metalurgia-e-mineracao-para-reparacao-de-danos-causado-ao-meio-ambiente-em-araxa.htm\"> agreed to rectify<\/a> damage caused by niobium mines dating back to 1982. Then, the process CBMM used to extract niobium from the ore produced a chemical reaction that created barium chloride, a toxic compound that was then dumped in the mine\u2019s waste dams.<\/p>\n<p>Barium began to infiltrate wells supplying water to the Complexo do Barreiro district near the mine, as well as watercourses below the dam. The substance can cause serious health problems if ingested.<\/p>\n<p>A 2015 technical report on the incident by the State Foundation for the Environment and the Minas Gerais Institute for Water Management read:<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;The contamination mainly occurred because waste and effluents exhibited high concentrations of barium chloride, which is soluble and spread underground at levels higher than normal, even for this region&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>The company said the incident did not affect the popular Barreiro tourist resort and spa, whose mud and waters are famous for their supposed healing qualities. CBMM claimed remediation of the wells has shown positive results.<\/p>\n<div class='block--pullout-stat block--pullout-stat--float cd-shortcode--factbox'>\n                <p class='block--pullout-stat__title'>517<\/p>\n                <div class='block--pullout-stat__content'>\n                    <br \/>\ncases relating to the 1982 pollution incident were dismissed<br \/>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<p>CBMM\u2019s rectification agreement was signed less than a month after Minas Gerais state courts dismissed 517 other cases relating to the1982 contamination. Those cases were filed by current and ex-residents of Barreiro against former owner Bunge, who they held responsible for damaging their health.<\/p>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_25599\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-25599\" style=\"width: 1382px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25599 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Coqueiros-GO_credito-Ricardo-Gonc\u0327alves.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1382\" height=\"829\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-25599\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comunidade de camponeses nos arredores da CMOC. (Imagem: Ricardo Gon\u00e7alves)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<h2>Local influence<\/h2>\n<p>In the face powerful companies such as CBMM, which hold sway over local governments, residents stand little chance, according to Brother P\u00e9ret.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;The political influence of CBMM can be seen in a recent episode when the company contributed funds to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.diariodearaxa.com.br\/camara-municipal-conta-com-apoio-da-cbmm-para-a-construcao-da-nova-sede\/\">construct the new headquarters<\/a> of the Arax\u00e1 city council,&#8221; he said.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Arax\u00e1 is totally dependent on the money collected, produced, and distributed by CBMM. With a mining model like this, it is hard to criticise or to make things change.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>According to Fernandes, who <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ufjf.br\/poemas\/files\/2015\/12\/Gon%8Dalves-2015-Mega-projetos-de-minera%8D%8Bo-e-acumula%8D%8Bo-por-espolia%8D%8Bo.pdf\">has been studying this topic<\/a> since 2010, there are also problems relating niobium production in Goi\u00e1s. He surveyed the peasant community in Coqueiros, in the area around the CMOC complex, and compiled complaints.<\/p>\n<p>The list of problems included reduced water flow in streams and springs, poorer air quality, noise, and cracks in the walls of houses after explosions in the Boa Vista mine.<\/p>\n<p>Some elderly people reported respiratory problems, which they believed to be aggravated by particulates in the air from mining, Fernandes said.<\/p>\n<p>He added: \u201cThey stressed pressure to sell land, threatening the memory, relationships and [sense of] belonging that families have with this place.&#8221;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chinese steelmakers boost metal production in Goi\u00e1s and Minas Gerais as accusations of pollution mount<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000004,"featured_media":50025591,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[760],"tags":[20000325,566,50040327],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000021,20000110],"class_list":["post-50025605","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pollution","tag-industry","tag-mining","tag-steel","country-brazil","country-china"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Niobium\u2019s silent impact in Brazil | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chinese steelmakers boost production of the light metal niobium in Goi\u00e1s and Minas Gerais states as decades-old accusations of pollution mount\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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