{"id":50038525,"date":"2020-11-26T19:51:14","date_gmt":"2020-11-26T19:51:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/?p=38525"},"modified":"2023-03-12T23:07:08","modified_gmt":"2023-03-12T23:07:08","slug":"38525-why-chile-promoted-the-escazu-agreement-then-rejected-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/justice\/38525-why-chile-promoted-the-escazu-agreement-then-rejected-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Why Chile promoted the Escaz\u00fa Agreement then rejected it"},"content":{"rendered":"

For some years now, Chile has positioned itself as a leading light in Latin America on environmental issues. Last year it held the presidency of COP25 climate negotiations<\/a>, and before that, it promoted the Escaz\u00fa Agreement \u2013 a Latin American and Caribbean regional accord designed to improve access to information and citizen participation on environmental issues and to protect environmental defenders.<\/p>\n

\n

33<\/p>\n

\n
\nThe number of countries to which the agreement applies
\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

But the Chilean government has since decided to withold its signature from the agreement. The reasons it gave \u2013 including that it would be difficult to implement \u2013 have not convinced everyone.<\/p>\n

Of the 33 countries to which the agreement applies, 11 have ratified it, the threshold for it to enter into force. Still, the last two countries to do so, Mexico and Argentina, have yet to make the ratification formal at the United Nations.<\/p>\n

Escaz\u00fa: Last-minute decision in Chile<\/h2>\n

The two-year window for signing the agreement opened on 27 September 2018 and ended two months ago. Chilean President Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era<\/a> had repeatedly called on the other countries to say yes to the agreement until the signing officially started, then his government changed its mind.<\/p>\n

Pi\u00f1era attributes the U-turn to a dispute with Bolivia, pending at the International Court of Justice, over a corridor to the coast for the landlocked nation. Signing Escaz\u00fa would have allowed another possible lawsuit from Bolivia, he argued.<\/p>\n

However, various international law experts have rejected the argument, according to Valentina Dur\u00e1n, professor at the University of Chile\u2019s Law School and director of the Environmental Law Centre. But the government stuck by its new decision.<\/p>\n

This surprised some, especially given Chile\u2019s leadership role Chile since the creation of the Agreement in 2012 at the UN Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio under Pi\u00f1era\u2019s first term (2010-2014).<\/p>\n

This impetus was in line with Chile\u2019s internal policies, said Gabriela Burdiles, project director of Chilean NGO FIMA.<\/p>\n

Changes in local environmental laws together the expansion of renewable energy coincided with the aim of promoting the first broad agreement on environmental issues in the region. The country was one of the few at the time to promote Escaz\u00fa.<\/p>\n

Between 2014 and 2018, Chile led Escaz\u00fa negotiations with Costa Rica. In addition to being a new kind of agreement for the region, Escaz\u00fa is important because of the way it was negotiated, says Dur\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

\u201cFor the first time, civil society was included in an open way. In Chile, there were public consultations between each of the negotiation rounds,\u201d Duran said. In general, at the global level, this type of agreement does not allow for voices of third parties and is negotiated behind closed doors by specialised teams of the countries involved. So it was that the text discussed during the second government of Michelle Bachelet (2014-2018) came to be widely known.<\/p>\n

According to Burdiles, Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era had always intended to be a leader in the region on environmental issues, and Escaz\u00fa was part of that vision. \u201cBut later he realised that climate change generates conflicts for some sectors and puts investment at greater risk,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n

Dur\u00e1n agrees. \u201cIt is possible that there is pressure from some business sectors that still believe, mistakenly, that protecting the environment goes against economic development.\u201d<\/p>\n

Chile: Internal review of Escaz\u00fa<\/h2>\n

In September this year, the Chilean Senate\u2019s Foreign Relations Committee received details of the refusal to sign the Escaz\u00fa Agreement. There, Foreign Minister Andr\u00e9s Allamand<\/a> stated that the government had not changed its mind but that the terms of the agreement were \u201cinconvenient\u201d for Chile.<\/p>\n

These inconveniences include the necessity for changes to made to Chilean environmental legislation that would generate legal uncertainty; the ambiguous and difficulty in complying with nature of its obligations and commitments; and the possibility that the country would be taken to international tribunals.<\/p>\n

On 22 September, both the foreign minister and the environment minister, Carolina Schmidt, were summoned to the Senate Environment Committee, along with some specialists in the field that included Valentina Dur\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Minister Schmidt<\/a> gave assurances that the government fully supports each of the foundations and principles underlying the Escaz\u00fa Agreement. \u201cThe problem is the way it was finally drafted, which introduces significant uncertainties that cannot be resolved, as it does not admit of any type of qualification\u201d, she said.<\/p>\n

The minister also said the decision not to sign the agreement is that of the government as a whole and not of any particular ministry. She said progress is being considered on signing a treaty on citizen participation, transparency and access to environmental justice \u201cwith a greater standard of clarity and certainty than that currently established in Escaz\u00fa\u201d.<\/p>\n

The big difference would be that the new document should provide certainty and clarity to all actors \u201cwithout exposing the State of Chile to international tribunals due to ambiguities of interpretation in internal conflicts\u201d.<\/p>\n

As part of the clarification process, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, together with the Ministry of the Environment, released a document<\/a> explaining the decision not to sign the agreement. Escaz\u00fa would condition Chile\u2019s environmental legislation and introduce ambiguous, broad and undefined obligations for Chile, according to the document.<\/p>\n

It is possible that there is pressure from some business sectors that still believe, mistakenly, that protecting the environment goes against economic development<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201cThey warn of a series of risks that are highly questionable, which are more like laboratory hypotheses,\u201d says Valentina Dur\u00e1n. The agreement would not replace the rules of Chilean law as set out in the document, she adds.<\/p>\n

\u201cEscaz\u00fa contemplates gradual progress in the implementation of access to information and the protection of defenders, which should be done within the framework of each nation\u2019s legislation,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n

Burdiles agrees that the arguments are debatable. Although she acknowledges that in the original conception of the agreement the point about environmental defenders was not made as strongly as it eventually was, in her opinion the rejection sends the very serious message that they do not deserve protection.<\/p>\n

The government\u2019s decision not to sign \u201cthe most important agreement of the last 20 years is very difficult to understand\u201d, says Sebasti\u00e1n Benfeld, Escaz\u00fa\u2019s representative for Chile at the UN\u2019s Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC).<\/p>\n

The positive side of Chile’s refusal to sign Escaz\u00fa has been the visibility that the agreement has achieved at all levels, says Burdiles. \u201cThis is an indirect boon in which many youth organisations have become involved,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n

The Escaz\u00fa Ahora Chile<\/a> campaign began last March and mobilised thousands of citizens on social networks to push for the government to sign. Benfeld, the initiative\u2019s national coordinator, says it has gained a lot of strength recently, despite the Covid-19 pandemic.<\/p>\n

In October, Chileans agreed in a referendum to create a brand-new constitution, after many took the streets last year demanding more rights and better social protections. Environmental organisations are calling for the environment to be prioritised in the new document, which could open a new door for Escaz\u00fa.<\/p>\n

Both the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of the Environment were consulted by Di\u00e1logo Chino for this article but both declined to make statements, saying they had not spoken directly to the press on the issue.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

For some years now, Chile has positioned itself as a leading light in Latin America on environmental issues. Last year it held the presidency of COP25 climate negotiations, and before that, it promoted the Escaz\u00fa Agreement \u2013 a Latin American and Caribbean regional accord designed to improve access to information and citizen participation on environmental […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000563,"featured_media":50038531,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039900],"tags":[502,50041623,50003602],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000024],"class_list":["post-50038525","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-justice","tag-activism","tag-environmental-defenders","tag-human-rights","country-chile"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhy Chile promoted the Escaz\u00fa Agreement then rejected it | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Together with Costa Rica, Chile led Escaz\u00fa negotiations but days 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