{"id":50038717,"date":"2020-12-04T20:17:16","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T20:17:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/?p=38717"},"modified":"2023-03-12T22:59:26","modified_gmt":"2023-03-12T22:59:26","slug":"38691-biden-us-china-latin-america-triangle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/38691-biden-us-china-latin-america-triangle\/","title":{"rendered":"Biden and the US-China-Latin America Triangle"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All eyes are set on how President-elect Joseph Biden will handle the growing pandemic, a struggling economy and a polarised nation. And then there is the relationship with China\u2014 the US\u2019 number one trading partner, and an emerging rival superpower in the Western hemisphere.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biden has already <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/election-us-2020-55048975\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">selected<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> his foreign policy team, which includes the first woman leading the intelligence community and the first Latino to head the department of Homeland Security. The team\u2019s rhetoric already differs markedly from Trump\u2019s administration on migration and climate policy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The principle that China is a strategic rival to the US has bi-partisan support<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But don\u2019t expect any big changes towards China, say foreign policy experts, who expect Biden to maintain President Trump\u2019s hardline policy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe principle that China is a strategic rival to the US has bi-partisan support, and this also includes the role of China in Latin America,\u201d said Bruno Binetti, an analyst with the Washington DC based think-tank <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thedialogue.org\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Dialogue<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u201cWhat might change, as in all foreign policy, is the instruments rather than the goals or the understanding of the problem.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under the Trump administration the US ignited a trade war by imposing tariffs on more than <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.china-briefing.com\/news\/the-us-china-trade-war-a-timeline\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">$550 billion<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> worth of Chinese products. It proceeded to threaten governments that aligned with Beijing, and launched its own plans to compete with Chinese investments through President Xi Jinping\u2019s signature Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div class='block--pullout-stat block--pullout-stat--float cd-shortcode--factbox'>\n                <p class='block--pullout-stat__title'>550 billion<\/p>\n                <div class='block--pullout-stat__content'>\n                    <br \/>\nDollars were taxed on Chinese goods by the U.S.<\/p>\n<p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hostility towards Chinese engagement in Latin America and around the world has underpinned US foreign policy under Trump since he assumed office in January 2017. These longstanding concerns have been echoed by <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/south-carolina-democratic-debate-full-transcript-text\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biden<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the Democratic party platform.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;Democrats will be clear, strong, and consistent in pushing back where we have profound economic, security, and human rights concerns about the actions of China&#8217;s government,&#8221; the 2020 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">p<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2020\/11\/15\/asia\/biden-china-policy-trump-us-intl-hnk\/index.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">latform said<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Throughout the campaign, both President-elect Biden and Trump stated their intentions to play hardball with Beijing.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>China\u2019s influence in Latin America<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After years of rapid economic growth and a surplus of capital, China became the largest development lender in Latin America. Although in the past few years financial flows have been reoriented towards more investment at the company level, China had already gained a foothold by financing numerous <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/repositorio.cepal.org\/bitstream\/handle\/11362\/45205\/1\/S1900859_en.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">infrastructure<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> projects. At the same time, it became Chile, Brazil, Peru and Uruguay\u2019s biggest trading partner, challenging the US\u2019 historic presence in the region.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cChina has sought markets and investment opportunities to extend financial debt and loans that can then finance Chinese infrastructure projects in regions like Latin America,\u201d said Aaron Schneider, a professor of International Studies at the University of Denver, said. \u201cIt has meant billions in Chinese investments, loans, and increased trade between China and Latin America.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the last decade the US has sought to curb Chinese influence in the region through a series of programmes, threats and foreign policy maneuvers. Former US President Barack Obama launched the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/obamawhitehouse.archives.gov\/issues\/economy\/trade\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in 2015, an initiative that sought to liberalise trade between 12 countries around the Pacific rim and challenge increased Chinese influence. But the TPP was scrapped by the Trump administration in 2017.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><div class='block--pullout-stat block--pullout-stat--float cd-shortcode--factbox'>\n                <p class='block--pullout-stat__title'>Did you know...?<\/p>\n                <div class='block--pullout-stat__content'>\n                    <br \/>\nChina is Chile, Brazil, Peru and Uruguay\u2019s biggest trading partner<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the meantime, China pushed ahead with its own proposal and in November this year, 15 countries of the Asia-Pacific signed the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/en\/trade-investment\/8700-would-a-china-backed-pacific-trade-bloc-be-bad-for-the-environment\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RCEP<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), forming the world\u2019s largest trade bloc in terms of combined GDP. The signing followed eight years of negotiations and marked \u201ca victory of multilateralism and free trade\u201d, according to Chinese premier Li Keqiang. Critics, including Obama himself, had said that a China-led bloc threatened to <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/en\/trade-investment\/8700-would-a-china-backed-pacific-trade-bloc-be-bad-for-the-environment\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lower environmental standards<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in trade.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In terms of bilateral relations, the Trump administration has pressured governments across Latin America to eschew Beijing\u2019s overtures. In 2018, Congressional Republicans <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/progressive.org\/dispatches\/China-and-Central-Americans-El-Salvador-18119\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">threatened to<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> remove El Salvador from the Obama-era Central American development plan, the Alliance for Prosperity, after it <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.reuters.com\/article\/politica-salvador-china-idESKCN1ND0N7-OESTP\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">accepted<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a US$150 million unconditional \u2018gift\u2019 from China for infrastructure projects.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under Trump, the US has also used its leverage to challenge Chinese technology firms in Latin America.\u00a0 I<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/brazil-usa-5g-idUSL1N2E02LK\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">n June 2020<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Trump opened talks with Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro to fund the purchase of 5G technology from European telecommunication companies Nokia and Ericsson, rather than Chinese firm Huawei, which had already installed a 4G system in the country. Any such project would require the complete reinstallation of telecommunication technology, according to Schneider.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Schneider said he believes Biden will continue with the same pressure tactics. \u201cBiden might be a bit more diplomatic, and the State Department might be a little less strong armed in its tactics, but that basic conflict remains.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>The Trade War<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trump <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/order-from-chaos\/2020\/08\/07\/more-pain-than-gain-how-the-us-china-trade-war-hurt-america\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bet<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that by increasing tariffs on Chinese imports, the trade deficit between the two nations would shrink and manufacturing jobs would return to the US.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, U<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S economic growth faltered, business investment froze, and companies didn\u2019t hire as many staff. Across the nation, farmers went bankrupt, and the manufacturing and freight transportation sectors hit lows not seen since the last recession. Trump\u2019s actions amounted to one of the largest tax increases in years, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/business\/2020\/01\/15\/was-trumps-china-trade-war-worth-it\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">according<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to Heather Long of the Washington Post.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some Latin American countries benefited from the trade war, including <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/en\/trade-investment\/27724-trade-war-threatens-instability-and-deforestation-in-latin-america\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brazil<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/en\/trade-investment\/27724-trade-war-threatens-instability-and-deforestation-in-latin-america\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Argentina<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which increased exports of agricultural products to China, largely because China imported less soy from the US. Mexico was dubbed by some as \u2018<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/en\/trade-investment\/32441-is-mexico-really-winning-the-us-china-trade-war\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the winner of the trade war<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2019, as Chinese and American manufacturing companies relocated to Northern Mexico to circumvent tariffs and ease of access to the US market.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Biden will try to de-escalate the trade war, but it won\u2019t be done suddenly<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But economic experts such as <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americasquarterly.org\/article\/latin-america-is-not-benefiting-from-the-u-s-china-trade-war\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Otaviano Canuto<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">princi<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pal of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmacrodev.com\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Center for Macroeconomics and Development<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, argue that any short term wins for Latin America were only temporary and will be outweighed by the long term negative impacts of the trade war. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><div class='block--pullout-stat block--pullout-stat--float cd-shortcode--factbox'>\n                <p class='block--pullout-stat__title'>Did you know...?<\/p>\n                <div class='block--pullout-stat__content'>\n                    <br \/>\nThe US. launched the initiative Growth in the Americas to contest China's influence in Latin America<br \/>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cMy guess is that Biden will try to de-escalate the trade war, but it won\u2019t be done suddenly,\u201d Binetti said. \u201cThere are business investment decisions that have been made based on those tariffs. I don\u2019t see those tariffs disappearing from one day to another, it would be costly for Biden.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to Binetti, the Biden Administration will likely try to contain China through multilateral fora.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>A shift in tactics?<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After first <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-china-taiwan-idUSKCN1LO00N#:~:text=In%20a%20statement%20on%20Friday,to%20no%20longer%20recognize%20Taiwan.%E2%80%9D\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">slapping the wrists<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the ambassadors of Panama, El Salvador and the Domincan Republic for shifting their countries\u2019 diplomatic allegiances from Taiwan to China, the US came to realise it needed to offer an alternative to Chinese investment.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This shift was demonstrated in December 2019, as the Trump administration launched the \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/en\/infrastructure\/37481-what-is-america-crece-the-us-response-to-the-belt-and-road-in-latin-america\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Growth in the Americas<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u201d or <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">America Cr\u00e9ce<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, initiative in conjunction with the US Chamber of Commerce. The initiative seeks to provide billions of dollars of government-subsidised investment for US companies for key infrastructure projects across the hemisphere, to rival Chinese investments in highways, ports, and energy projects in Latin America through the BRI.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the key architects of the initiative, Mauricio Claver-Carone, the new head of the Inter-American Development Bank and close Trump ally who <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/economy\/2020\/9\/12\/trump-nominee-elected-to-head-latin-american-development-bank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was elected <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to head the bank in September 2020.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These efforts are likely to be continued by the administration of President-elect Biden, Binetti suggests, since despite being less well-known than the BRI, the America Crece Initiative has broad cross-party support in the US. Biden himself <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/joebiden.com\/centralamerica\/#\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">has called<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for US$4 billion through private-public partnerships in Central America to catalyse growth and reduce poverty.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe architecture of the way in which [money] will be delivered will look much like the way it did under the Obama administration and the Trump administration&#8217;s <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">America Cr\u00e9ce<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> initiative,\u201d Schneider said. <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>All eyes are set on how President-elect Joseph Biden will handle the growing pandemic, a struggling economy and a polarised nation. And then there is the relationship with China\u2014 the US\u2019 number one trading partner, and an emerging rival superpower in the Western hemisphere. Biden has already selected his foreign policy team, which includes the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3250,"featured_media":50038719,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[758],"tags":[510,544,556,600],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000020,50000021,50000024,20000110,50040700],"class_list":["post-50038717","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","tag-china-in-the-world","tag-finance","tag-infrastructure","tag-trade","country-argentina","country-brazil","country-chile","country-china","country-united-states-of-america"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Biden and the US-China-Latin America Triangle | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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