In 2011, Bandes\u2019 Executive Management of Development Funds addressed a communication to Betancourt, its president, informing her that China’s National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), the country\u2019s highest planning body, had been “very emphatic in not accepting projects in which the approved amounts are less than the contracted ones”. This was a reference to the 972 MW Phase 1 thermoelectric power plant project jointly executed by Sinohydro and PDVSA, Venezuela\u2019s national oil company.<\/p>\n
The high-level meetings were relaxed and friendly. Yet, operations at the management level were confusing. Letters were exchanged with a string of reproaches.<\/p>\n
From the outset, the terms of the bilateral fund negotiation were unclear and suggest that behind closed doors the commercial relationship wasn\u2019t entirely marked by mutual trust. The Venezuelans were in a hurry to obtain foreign exchange, while the Chinese were interested in execution and planning.<\/p>\n
According to official minutes, over a two-year period the Venezuelan-Chinese Joint Fund held around 600 briefings and almost a hundred operational meetings with the different stakeholders. The lenders were demanding a level of precision that the Venezuelan officials could not provide and Maniero was entrusted to broker the relationship until Betancourt joined Bandes.<\/p>\n
The role of Betancourt, the “Chinese minister”, as Commander Hugo Ch\u00e1vez came to call her, was to oversee the finance. Behind her was a complex bureaucratic network whose sway depended on the price of oil and the will of the representatives of the Central Bank of Venezuela (BCV), PDVSA, ministries and banks who attended meetings.<\/p>\n
Even Asdr\u00fabal Ch\u00e1vez, the late president’s cousin and by then vice-president of Refining, Trade and Supply of the oil company, later to become head of the Ministry of Energy, as well as president of PDVSA, was present. Still, Venezuela relied on Maneiro\u2019s diplomacy in negotiations with the NDRC and China Development Bank (CDB).<\/p>\n
The offices of Betancourt and Maneiro were in direct communication. Their exchanges reveal attempts to find a way out of the forthcoming whirlwind they both sensed. Maneiro alluded to the silences of the then planning minister, Jorge Giordani, who promised high-level meetings with Chinese lenders. Betancourt, for her part, asked the ambassador for “her good offices to solve a matter related to the disbursements” of stalling projects that Venezuela had given a lot of publicity, such as those to develop electricity generation.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
The Venezuelan ambassador in Beijing, Roc\u00edo Maneiro, found herself in the difficult situation of negotiating disbursements with the Chinese authorities without precise information on the status of the projects.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
The ambassador\u2019s responses were sober and sharp. She requested additional information on what President Ch\u00e1vez had signed, while Chinese partners asked for explanations of the agreed projects. Perhaps in the past Maneiro had enjoyed more direct communication with the revolutionary leader.Yet, in the last years of his life, as Ch\u00e1vez was afflicted by an aggressive cancer, more power was given to third parties who were closing the circle. From what one reads, Maneiro felt as if she was being thrown to the lions and needed an ace up her sleeve to get a deal.<\/p>\n
On 19 May 2011, she wrote to Betancourt, underscoring the urgency of her situation: “I explained the reservations of the NDRC on some of the 28 projects and requested the attention of the competent Venezuelan authorities on this situation, in order to avoid difficulties for the disbursement of resources, and therefore, for the development of the projects (…) I consider it extremely important to have, before my meeting on Tuesday 24, some information”.<\/p>\n
The Chinese had numerous reservations, according to the letters circulated, and they let Maneiro know this. Each day that went by without a response aggravated relations with CDB and NDRC. On some projects, Venezuela remained silent for up to six months. One case, for example, was the contract between CVG Ferrominera Orinoco, the Chinese state-owned Wisco and the Venezuelan subsidiary of the China Railway Engineering Corporation.<\/p>\n
“The NDRC requests clarification (…) and suggests that negotiations continue with the aforementioned companies to finalise the contracts and move forward with the execution of the allocated financing funds,” wrote Ambassador Maneiro, outlining other cases in which no contract had been signed.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Edm\u00e9e Betancourt, as minister and president of Bandes, held meetings with Chinese delegations for business between the two nations. In 2011 she was with the Chinese ambassador to Venezuela, Zhao Rong Xian, during the inauguration of a bilateral event held in Caracas. (Image: Leo Ramirez \/ AFP)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Betancourt\u2019s stormy office<\/h2>\n Edm\u00e9e Betancourt had a relatively low profile in her previous role as trade minister, but she was active and not known for blunders. One day she would be seen inaugurating the Venezuelan Industria Tecnol\u00f3gica (VIT) factory to assemble computers, the next talking about the Empresa Socialista de Pa\u00f1ales (Socialist Nappy Company). In 2003 she was deputy minister of industry, and twice at the head of the ministry of commerce, in 2005 and 2011.<\/p>\n
Before that, the engineer born in Valencia, in the north of the country, had been a professor at the University of Carabobo. It was there that she became friends with the lawyer Blancanieves Portocarrero, who was minister of labour. In 2002, Betancourt was invited to join the executive branch. Both were linked to the left-wing political movement that upheld the ideals of the self-styled Bolivarian Revolution and they were noticed by its leader.<\/p>\n
When Betancourt took the reins of Bandes on the first day of January 2010, she did so with an existing team. She arrived at the bank with little time to soak up all the tax and legal reforms that had been made in Venezuela; much less to adapt them to China\u2019s. Executive reports on the different negotiations, administrative practices, customs procedures, legal nooks and crannies, and the latest deadlines passed through her office. She acted as a hinge between various institutions and economic powers, including the team of then planning minister Giordani, who was a mentor and close Ch\u00e1vez ally.<\/p>\n
Neither Edm\u00e9e Betancourt thought of going into trade and finance, nor Roc\u00edo Maneiro into diplomacy, but it was the task that chavismo assigned them. The women entered a circle of trust and managed trade relations between China and that had few controls or audits.<\/p>\nWith Hugo Ch\u00e1vez as president and Nicol\u00e1s Maduro as foreign minister, Venezuela reached agreements at the highest level with China. The Venezuelan delegation included Rafael Ram\u00edrez, Minister of Petroleum and President of PDVSA; Jorge Giordani, Minister of Planning; and Roc\u00edo Maneiro, Venezuelan Ambassador to Beijing. (Image: Twitter account @venenchina)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nThe documents that passed through Edme\u00e9 Betancourt’s hands as president of Bandes concluded with recommendations condensed in two sentences. Under Betancourt, the bank’s executive manager of finance and fund administration was Mar\u00eda de los \u00c1ngeles Gonz\u00e1lez, who authored numerous account items. Gonz\u00e1lez was later arrested in 2013 in the US after confessing to illicit handling of public debt bonds during her time at Bandes. She was sentenced to prison. She has already served her sentence.<\/p>\n
But while this became known between 2010 and 2012 during Betancourt’s years at the bank, the exchanges with China carried on. Many technical documents relating to the binational fund’s projects were designed and exchanged but they did not cover all the loopholes and unforeseen events that arose from the novelty of working variously in US dollars, renminbis and bolivars.<\/p>\n
An example of the confusion this generated in Bandes was when requirements arose that had to be met “with haste”, such as the withholding of taxes related to disbursements from the Large Volume and Long-Term Financing fund. On 26 September 2011, when several projects were underway, Betancourt asked CDB to “activate a financial mechanism” that would enable compliance with tax regulations, calculating taxes in advance to be deposited in accounts that Bandes would “open” in the Chinese bank\u2019s Hong Kong office.<\/p>\n
On 8 April 2011, Ambassador Maneiro warned former minister Giordani of concerns expressed by Zhang Ping, then chairman of the board of directors of the NDRC, and of the Chinese chapter of the China-Venezuela High-Level Joint Commission. He cited, for example, “the slow progress in negotiations”. He also spoke of “the lack of coordination and accurate information” that prevented the two partners from being on the same page, “especially when it comes to amounts in financial resources that do not correspond to those established in the contracts signed”.<\/p>\n
The wall of indifference<\/h2>\n When Nicol\u00e1s Maduro assumed the presidency in 2013, the Chinese ladies were about to become septuagenarians. Yet despite their years in public life, almost nothing is known about them, apart from the fact that Edm\u00e9e Betancourt is the mother of two children and that Roc\u00edo Maneiro has three.<\/p>\n
In 2013, Betancourt was assigned new duties as president of the Central Bank of Venezuela (BCV) but she would never again enjoy the privileges she was accustomed to under Ch\u00e1vez\u2019s successor and Maduro soon fired her. She was never seen on television again.<\/p>\nAfter several years at the helm of Bandes, Edm\u00e9e Betancourt took over the presidency of the Central Bank of Venezuela in 2013, but lasted only three months in the post. (Image: Twitter account @arojasjimenez)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nBetancourt committed a cardinal sin of chavismo in speaking of corruption within Venezuela’s financial establishment. “What was delivered in foreign currency last year (2012) were very considerable amounts, but there is also another considerable amount of foreign currency that was taken to briefcase companies (…) Between US$15 and 20 billion were passed on,” she said at a press conference still remembered by the journalists present.<\/p>\n
Noises got too loud and within 24 hours Maduro ostracised her. She suffered the same fate as Monk Giordani, another Ch\u00e1vez made corruption allegations in foreign currency allocations. . Both were forgotten.<\/p>\n
Maneiro continued as ambassador to China and then to South Korea until the end of 2013, when President Maduro himself requested the change for personal reasons.<\/p>\n
“She has done an extraordinary job, a woman of great loyalty to Commander Hugo Ch\u00e1vez, to our Venezuelan homeland, she has been a builder in these ten years of service in China of these historic relations,” the Venezuelan president said of the ambassador, who has became an important figurehead in the history of relations with China.<\/p>\nVenezuela’s ambassador to Beijing, Roc\u00edo Maneiro, enjoyed the confidence of Hugo Ch\u00e1vez and was a key player in negotiations with China. (Image: Peter Parks \/ AFP)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nUnlike Betancourt, Ambassador Maneiro did not leave through the back door. In June 2014, before resuming her diplomatic duties, she was awarded the Orden Libertadores y Libertadoras de Venezuela Primera Clase Espada for “her outstanding service to the homeland, which has contributed to the re-foundation of the Venezuelan nation”.<\/p>\n
Shortly afterwards, she was transferred to a modest office in the Venezuelan embassy in London.As Venezuela\u2019s various economic and political crises deepened, staff at the embassy complained that they were not being paid. Some even saying they had gone months without pay.<\/p>\n
Maneiro, however, was not having such a bad time and admitted to having spent “a luxury holiday” in Paris when she testified at a recent court hearing.<\/p>\n
Maneiro\u2019s standing did deteriorate in early 2019, however, when Juan Guaid\u00f3 declared himself the president of Venezuela. UK prime minister Boris Johnson followed the US and EU in recognising Guaid\u00f3 as the legitimate leader of Venezuela and Maneiro was stranded, replaced in the UK\u2019s eyes by Guaid\u00f3 appointee Vanessa Neumann, a Venezuelan-American diplomat and businesswoman.<\/p>\n
Corruption scandals also splashed Maneiro. Spanish newspaper El Pa\u00eds published an investigative report claiming that Maneiro had hidden US$4 million in the Banca Privada de Andorra, a collapsed and obscured bank in that tax haven. The report said she had moved capital between four accounts of “instrumental companies” created in Panama by the same bank.<\/p>\nRocio Maneiro handled negotiations with the China Development Bank and the China National Development and Reform Commission, in communication with Bandes. (Image: Ed Jones \/ AFP)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nThe large sum was registered with the bank as the result of an “international business consultancy”, whose operations coincided with the exercise of her diplomatic office China from 2012 onwards. The Andorran Financial Intelligence Unit claimed, according to the Spanish media, that “the funds have their origin in corruption in Venezuela”. Maneiro testified before a judge in the principality that the money was the product of “the sale of the rights of an inheritance in Venezuela”.<\/p>\n
The money ended up in the Swiss and US account of one of Maneiro\u2019s three sons. The Financial Intelligence Unit that worked on the case said the intention was to deposit US$10 million dollars in one of his accounts: “It is about payments from Chinese companies through Diego Salazar to high-ranking Venezuelan officials in exchange for the concession of the construction of different infrastructures in the Venezuelan energy sector”, the investigation concluded.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Edm\u00e9e Betancourt was twice Minister of Trade, in 2005 and 2011. During the latter period she accompanied the then foreign minister Nicol\u00e1s Maduro on his international tours. (Image: Ernesto Benavides \/ AFP)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Socialist centrifuge<\/h2>\n Edm\u00e9e Betancourt earned Hugo Ch\u00e1vez’s trust. At the comandante’s side, she would let go of her characteristic sobriety and let herself be embraced by him.<\/p>\n
Ch\u00e1vez’s protection of Betancourt lasted as long as his life. When Maduro became president, Betancourt was discarded. She served as a convenient scapegoat for one of Maduro’s many U-turns. Although those close to her admit that she has since been asked to return to the ranks of the revolution, she decided to keep a low profile at home in her native Valencia, ‘close to her grandchildren’.<\/p>\n
Maneiro remains in the UK as Maduro\u2019s representative. Her recent travails included her host country refusing to recognise Maduro’s authority to handle the US$1.1 billion in gold stored at the Bank of England.<\/p>\n
The \u201cChinese ladies\u201d obeyed both the governmental and financial rules of the game, entrusted with key roles in Venezuela\u2019s growing indebtedness to China.<\/p>\n
During Ch\u00e1vez’s second presidency, Betancourt and Maneiro were experts on China. There was only one option: socialist homeland or nothing. They were strategists and bureaucratic operators, who manoeuvred according to the decisions “from above”. Both women stood out as authorities on the future of bilateral cooperation; they were the visible faces of the deals worth many billions of dollars – or yuan. They took on the sometimes unenviable responsibilities that the revolution assigned them.<\/p>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
\n
*This investigation is based on a trove of documents obtained by Armando.info<\/a> (Venezuela), which were processed and analysed in partnership with the Latin American Centre for Investigative Journalism<\/a> (CLIP) and with additional reporting by Di\u00e1logo Chino<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Under Hugo Ch\u00e1vez, two women represented Venezuela in dealings with China to obtain project finance: banker Edm\u00e9e Betancourt and diplomat Roc\u00edo Maneiro. These are their stories.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000013,"featured_media":50041045,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[758],"tags":[20000187,529,544,50040720],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000110,50002604],"class_list":["post-50041054","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","tag-corruption","tag-debt","tag-finance","tag-geopolitics","country-china","country-venezuela"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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