{"id":50047762,"date":"2021-10-28T18:07:03","date_gmt":"2021-10-28T17:07:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/?p=47762"},"modified":"2023-03-01T18:37:57","modified_gmt":"2023-03-01T18:37:57","slug":"47762-china-development-bank-latin-america","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/47762-china-development-bank-latin-america\/","title":{"rendered":"Understanding the China Development Bank in Latin America"},"content":{"rendered":"

With an estimated US$2.4 trillion in assets, most analysts consider it the world\u2019s biggest public development bank<\/a>. It has dished out almost US$100 billion in sovereign loans to Latin America in the past 15 years and injected tens of billions more into special regional financing programmes, according to US think-tank The Dialogue\u2019s China-Latin America Finance Database<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Yet, few in the region know about China Development Bank (CDB).<\/p>\n

With the bank supporting major energy and infrastructure projects that can entail considerable social and environmental risks, a new report<\/a> by civil society organisation Latinoam\u00e9rica Sustentable<\/a> seeks to address the knowledge gap.<\/p>\n

\u201cCDB is a very important lender for various Latin American countries, but few people recognise the name,\u201d said Paulina Garz\u00f3n, director of Latinoam\u00e9rica Sustentable. \u201cLatin American governments are calling for investment in infrastructure and deepening extractivism [extracting raw materials for export] and, traditionally, these are two main areas of interest for the bank,\u201d she added.<\/p>\n

\n

$31 billion<\/p>\n

\n
\nThe amount (USD) that China Development Bank has invested in oil projects in Latin America
\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

To date, CDB\u2019s sovereign loan portfolio in Latin American has consisted overwhelmingly of finance for energy development. Of the US$38.8 billion it has channelled to the sector, oil accounts for $31 billion, according to Boston University data<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Despite CDB financing a range of projects, from controversial dams in Argentina<\/a> to wind farms in Ecuador and oil refineries in Venezuela, the report notes the absence of publicly available social and environmental policies that render it accountable when projects breach local laws. Nor is there a channel for communities affected by projects to communicate their complaints, it says.<\/p>\n

Among the documents analysed in the report are CDB\u2019s available lending policies and seven loan contracts with Latin American governments. It found only two contracts that mentioned environmental law and none that included information regarding the environmental and social criteria considered in lending decisions.<\/p>\n

For years, Chinese lenders have followed a policy of adhering to host country environmental laws, even where they are weak and not upheld by recipient countries. Recent developments in Chinese policy<\/a> applicable to overseas investments, however, indicate greater proactivity and concern for environmental risk.<\/p>\n

China Development Bank lending to Latin America<\/h2>\n

CDB lending to Latin America in the form of sovereign loans has declined sharply in recent years and it issued none to the region in 2020. Venezuela, Ecuador and Brazil account for 85% of the total. Aside from cutting off financial support for Venezuela, the drop doesn\u2019t reflect a lack of interest in the wider region, according to Garz\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

Corporate loans direct to Chinese companies to support the purchase of other companies\u2019 assets, or capital to participate in mining or oil concessions, are also common, she noted. CDB-backed companies also increasingly form public-private partnerships<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Although it started out in 1994 as a policy bank \u2013 a state-run bank tasked with supporting China\u2019s overseas development goals \u2013 CDB was reclassified as a commercial bank in 2008. At this point, it ceased to be under the direct control of the State Council, China\u2019s highest administrative authority, the report says.<\/p>\n

Commercial banks are under the supervision of the banking regulator, now known as the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission (CBIRC).<\/p>\n

More than a step in the right direction?<\/h2>\n

The Latinoam\u00e9rica Sustentable report notes that, before the end of this year, CBIRC is set to announce a grievance procedure for communities in host countries affected by Chinese banks\u2019 projects.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe value as a highly positive development that CBIRC has decided to establish a complaints mechanism. It\u2019s a step in the right direction,\u201d said Garz\u00f3n. \u201cNo bank or corporation of any nationality can afford, even if it is just to stay in business, to completely ignore voices of protest and complaint.\u201d<\/p>\n

Liu Shuang, a senior finance associate at the World Resource Institute\u2019s Sustainable Finance Center, said CBIRC\u2019s movement towards addressing affected communities\u2019 concerns will have direct consequences for the banks it regulates.<\/p>\n

\u201cChinese lenders and their activities are very heavily influenced by other regulatory frameworks,\u201d she said, adding that CBIRC\u2019s new policy will be to encourage banks to develop their own governance system to address complaints.<\/p>\n

Liu also pointed to a number of other recent policy developments in China that demonstrate a serious approach to social and environmental risk management overseas.<\/p>\n

Among these are the advance of a recently proposed \u201ctraffic light<\/a>\u201d system by the Belt and Road Initiative Green Development Coalition (BRIGC) to classify investments according to their social and environmental risks and international climate and development goals. BRIGC is a group of Chinese and international experts that includes CBIRC\u2019s policy chief Ye Yanfei.<\/p>\n

The group recently launched a second round<\/a> of recommendations and suggested that the system will require \u201ca deep integration of environmental and social risk management into the core management systems and corporate strategy\u201d.<\/p>\n

Were this to develop into fully fledged policy, it would enable investors to benchmark their portfolios against clear criteria, Liu said.<\/p>\n

The new guidelines will create more space for CDB to adopt more stringent environmental standards for overseas projects<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Also notable are the Green Development Guidelines for Overseas Investment and Cooperation<\/a>, issued jointly by China\u2019s Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Ecology and Environment in July this year. The policy pledges to speed up \u201cthe greening of overseas investment and cooperation\u201d and \u201cbuild an economic system featuring green, low-carbon and circular development\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe believe that this [the guidelines] will create more space for CDB to adopt more stringent environmental standards for overseas projects,\u201d Liu said, but added that changes are also necessary in host countries\u2019 decision-making on development projects.<\/p>\n

Project pipelines \u2013 the list of proposed projects that governments seek domestic and foreign investment for, and which include sovereign guarantees \u2013 strongly favour coal and other fossil fuels, Liu noted. When host country governments do call for greener investment, China responds.<\/p>\n

Earlier this year, Bangladesh\u2019s finance ministry sent a specific request to the Chinese embassy in Dhaka calling on it to cancel several coal-related projects. Shortly afterwards, the embassy confirmed that China would not invest in any coal-related projects in the country, the Financial Times reported<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Xi Jinping\u2019s recent announcement that China would stop financing coal anywhere in the world<\/a> and boost support for renewables was also an acknowledgement of international discussions of the issue, Liu said.<\/p>\n

For Garz\u00f3n, Xi\u2019s overseas energy pledge was a reason to be hopeful: \u201cAll declarations by the Chinese government in favour of nature and the fight against climate change are very welcome.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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