{"id":50048500,"date":"2021-11-17T16:03:28","date_gmt":"2021-11-17T16:03:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/?p=48500"},"modified":"2023-03-13T19:18:04","modified_gmt":"2023-03-13T19:18:04","slug":"48500-mexico-lithium-nationalisation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/48500-mexico-lithium-nationalisation\/","title":{"rendered":"Mexico moves to nationalise lithium production amid potential boom"},"content":{"rendered":"

In 2018, the UK-listed company Bacanora Lithium announced<\/a> the discovery of lithium deposits at Bacad\u00e9huachi, in the northern Mexican province of Sonora, declaring to have found 243.8 million tonnes of the mineral \u2013 making it the largest reserve<\/a> in the world.<\/p>\n

It had been speculated that Mexico would soon take its place among the most important nations in the industry, alongside the \u201clithium triangle<\/a>\u201d of Bolivia, Argentina and Chile. But in October 2020, the then Secretary of Economy of Mexico, Graciela M\u00e1rquez, denied<\/a> the claim that the country was home to the world\u2019s largest lithium reserve.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt is very important \u2013 and I want to emphasise this \u2013 when this estimate of the lithium deposit was made, all the clay was taken into account, but those tonnes of clay are not lithium,\u201d M\u00e1rquez said, during an appearance in the Mexican senate.<\/p>\n

Nationalisation amid the chaos<\/h2>\n

Amid the confusion and over-estimates on the amounts of lithium in the country, President L\u00f3pez Obrador has opened a debate on nationalisation. On 1 October, he presented<\/a> an electricity reform to congress that proposes the modification of three articles in the constitution, and would prohibit giving up further concessions for lithium exploitation.<\/p>\n

\u201cLithium is a strategic mineral that must remain under the control of the nation,\u201d the president said<\/a> in a press conference. Lithium matters a lot to those who act as hegemonies. We cannot leave this strategic mineral to the market,\u201d he added.<\/p>\n

Lithium is a strategic mineral that must remain under the control of the nation, we cannot leave it to the market<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The Secretary of Energy, Roc\u00edo Nahle, confirmed<\/a> the creation of a state company that will exploit the mineral, but so far no further details have been given.<\/p>\n

But L\u00f3pez Obrador’s decision to restrict private investment in lithium mining in Mexico, and his seeking of advice from Bolivia<\/a> \u2013 a country that has chosen to keep foreign investment away \u2013 worries experts and businessmen.<\/p>\n

Concerns and violations<\/h2>\n

Carlos Aguirre, an academic in the Universidad Iberoamericana\u2019s business studies department, explains that Bolivia has a state-owned lithium-producing company and its legislative system is not too different to those of Chile and Argentina, though these countries allow investment or participation from private companies. This has positioned Chile and Argentina as the main lithium producers in the world \u2013 unlike Bolivia, despite the nation having the largest reserves.<\/p>\n

According to Aguirre, private investment must be allowed in order to develop successful lithium production in Mexico. He believes that the country should adopt a model of concessions, surveillance and control over what investors can do.<\/p>\n

\n

75%<\/p>\n

\n
\nChinese mining company Ganfeng Lithium has the rights to as much as three-quarters of the lithium extracted at Sonora Lithium
\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

There are currently eight concessions granted by previous governments for the possible extraction of lithium. Although L\u00f3pez Obrador maintains that these will be respected, for that to happen companies must prove to the Federal Electricity Commission and  the Ministry of Energy that they have already started the exploration process and meet the requirements to start production. The president has remained firm in rejecting new concessions, even if his reform is not approved.<\/p>\n

So far, the most advanced project is Sonora Lithium<\/a>, the concessions to which are co-owned by Bacanora Lithium and the Chinese company Ganfeng Lithium, which recently invested further in the project to become the majority partner.<\/p>\n

Ganfeng now has the right to 50 percent of the lithium carbonate that is extracted in phase one, and 75 percent that is extracted in the second phase, according to a report<\/a> titled \u201cLithium: the new commercial dispute fuelled by the false green market\u201d. Ganfeng is the world’s largest lithium producer and supplier to the American electric car maker Tesla.<\/p>\n

Another concern raised by the president’s announcement is that his reforms directly contradict the new United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (UMSCA) free trade agreement. The American Chamber of Commerce of Mexico (AmCham) and a group of 40 US congressmen argue<\/a> that private companies in the energy sector would be excluded under the new reform.<\/p>\n

On 3 November, the US Ambassador to Mexico, Ken Salazar, met with Mexican officials to express the same concern. On the same day, Mexico’s parliamentary leaders and legislators announced that the approval of L\u00f3pez Obrador’s electricity reform will be postponed to April 2022.<\/p>\n

The lithium dilemma<\/h2>\n

This metal, often dubbed \u201cwhite gold\u201d, plays an important role in the energy transition, given its use in batteries for electric cars. For this reason, its demand has increased in recent years, but for Yannick Deniau, a member of the GeoComunes<\/a> collective and the Mexican Network of People Affected by Mining (REMA<\/a>), the possibility of exploiting this mineral brings more negative than positive consequences for the territory.<\/p>\n

Deniau, a trained geologist, points to environmental damage, displacement and disputes around existing mining operations in Mexico. \u201cMining is one of the main culprits for this crisis due to its consumption of water, the emission of CO2 and environmental degradation,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

The activist highlights similar concerns around the Bacad\u00e9huachi site, and particularly the overexploitation of water in Sonora, where extreme water stress has been recorded for more than a year. Since an open-pit mine is planned, he adds, this will result in devastation of the landscape and in mineral residues causing acid drainage that, when exposed to air and water, generates a chemical reaction that pollutes the soil and rivers.<\/p>\n

The more economic interests and actors increase in an area, the more violence gets out of control<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Finally, there is the notable issue of violence<\/a> and the presence of organised crime in the state of Sonora, which increasingly threatens local communities and mining operations<\/a>. \u201cThe more economic interests and actors increase in an area, the more the situation of violence gets out of control,\u201d Deniau explains.<\/p>\n

The Sonora project, he says, is very close to the so-called \u201cGolden Triangle<\/a>\u201d, an area where a wave of violence and displaced people has been documented due to mining activity and the dispute over territory among organised crime groups.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere is a correlation that when there are mining projects, the presence of organised crime and repression increases,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

But a local outlet reported<\/a> that the majority of people in Bacad\u00e9huachi are expectant about the possibility of 200,000 jobs that Bacanora Lithium has promised, which could represent a better future for a community that is currently struggling to make ends meet.<\/p>\n

Beyond possible extraction conditions and their impact, there is still a lot of uncertainty about the state of lithium in Mexico. According to a report<\/a>, titled \u201cRegulation of lithium: Proposals and international comparison\u201d, carried out by the Mexican senate\u2019s Belisario Dom\u00ednguez Institute, the government still does not have precise figures on the production forecast in Mexico.<\/p>\n

Despite the various concerns and uncertainties, work to move operations in Sonora forward is ongoing. Flor de Mar\u00eda Harp, director of the Mexican Geological Survey (SGM), a government agency, announced that the organisation will invest<\/a> 55.2 million pesos (US$2.52 million) for lithium exploration, in order to gain hard data on the amount of the mineral present, and thus confirm that its extraction is economically viable.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

President L\u00f3pez Obrador wants to nationalise lithium extraction and production in Mexico. Will this allow the country to effectively exploit its reserves?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3882,"featured_media":50048581,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[758],"tags":[18133,566,607],"hashtags":[],"country":[50002597],"class_list":["post-50048500","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","tag-lithium","tag-mining","tag-water-scarcity","country-mexico"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMexico moves to nationalise lithium production amid potential boom | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"President L\u00f3pez Obrador wants to nationalise the lithium industry in Mexico. 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