{"id":50051298,"date":"2022-02-22T18:26:58","date_gmt":"2022-02-22T18:26:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/?p=51298"},"modified":"2023-06-02T16:51:06","modified_gmt":"2023-06-02T15:51:06","slug":"51271-brazil-mining-expand-indigenous-territories","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/51271-brazil-mining-expand-indigenous-territories\/","title":{"rendered":"Mining companies seek to expand into Brazil\u2019s indigenous territories"},"content":{"rendered":"

The search for new mining areas is expanding into Brazil\u2019s indigenous territories, amid rising<\/a> mineral revenues and exports, as well as incentives from Jair Bolsonaro’s government, a new report has revealed.<\/p>\n

In total, 570 mining companies and associations currently have 2,478 active applications filed for mineral research within 261 indigenous lands. They aim to exploit a total area of 10.1 million hectares, almost the size of England. The data, found in November 2021 in the National Mining Agency\u2019s (ANM) own system, are contained in a new report<\/a>, released on 22 February by the Articulation of Indigenous Peoples of Brazil (APIB) \u2013 the country\u2019s largest network of indigenous organisations \u2013 and Amazon Watch, an international NGO.<\/p>\n

\n

2,478<\/p>\n

\n
\nThe number of active applications for mining exploration in indigenous lands in Brazil, according to National Mining Agency data
\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\u201cThese applications represent a destruction, a genocide of indigenous peoples,\u201d says Dinaman Tux\u00e1, executive coordinator of APIB. \u201cThey represent the socio-environmental conflict that is now established.\u201d<\/p>\n

Exploitation in these areas is currently prohibited, but priority can still be guaranteed to companies in the eventuality of laws being approved that allow the advance of activity in indigenous lands. For example, the bill 191\/2020<\/a>, currently with Brazil\u2019s congress, regulates mining and other activities in indigenous territories; and the bill 490\/2007<\/a>, now with the Supreme Federal Court, can change the established demarcation of indigenous lands.<\/p>\n

The bills have support from Bolsonaro\u2019s base and are seen by the mining sector as a way to free up exploration of inactive lands to help develop the country. Recently, the president also signed a decree<\/a> to encourage small-scale mining in the Amazon, with the aim of generating income, according to the text, for \u201chundreds of thousands of people\u201d.

<\/p>\n
\"Indigenous
Indigenous protests in Brasilia against bills that open protected areas to exploitation (Image: Tuane Fernandes \/ Greenpeace)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/div>\u201cMining is elevated to the status of an essential activity for the Brazilian economy, and this allows it to receive investments very easily,\u201d says Rosana Miranda, a campaign advisor for Amazon Watch in Brazil.<\/p>\n

For indigenous groups like APIB, however, they represent a failure by the Brazilian government to comply with the protection of native peoples, and with the International Labour Organization\u2019s Convention 169<\/a>, which provides for the free, prior and informed consultation of indigenous communities affected by large enterprises.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere is no concern to build, along with indigenous people, mechanisms that are less harmful to the extraction of these raw materials,\u201d said Tux\u00e1.<\/p>\n

A spokesperson for ANM told Di\u00e1logo Chino that mining on indigenous lands depends on a decision by congress and that the agency only follows the laws and regulations in force.<\/p>\n

The agency also stated that \u201cno application for the execution of mineral activity succeeds in areas with legal blockage\u201d, such as indigenous lands.<\/p>\n

Contradictions of mining<\/h2>\n

Despite being responsible, according to a study<\/a> from McKinsey Sustainability, for up to 28% of global indirect CO2 emissions, mining is treated tangentially in the global environmental agenda. Though fossil fuels make up a significant portion of global mining operations \u2013 with coal alone accounting for around 50% of the market and a large share of these emissions \u2013 mining still holds a relevant place in discussions of the global energy transition, since minerals such as lithium<\/a> are essential to renewable energy technologies.<\/p>\n

But despite new resources and technical improvements, mining has long been associated with accusations of human rights violations in Brazil, since the gold rush of the 17th century, and later at Serra Pelada, in the state of Par\u00e1, during the 1980s.<\/p>\n

According to the report, the main targets of the application requests are the Xikrin indigenous lands of Catet\u00e9, whose ethnic group has already been almost decimated by the Serra Pelada mine\u2019s operations, and the Waimiri Atroari territory, in Amazonas state. In addition to land invasion, mining activities have destroyed places considered sacred in these regions, affecting cosmologies and rites, the indigenous groups say.<\/p>\n

Last year, the Taboca mining company, owned by the Peruvian group Minsur, dumped mining waste<\/a> into rivers in the Waimiri Atroari territory. The Pitinga mine near the indigenous land produces tin \u2013 a mineral that is sent from Brazil to countries including the United States, Germany and the Netherlands. Although China is the largest consumer of the mineral, it is not on the list of importers of the Brazilian product, according to foreign trade data seen by Di\u00e1logo Chino.<\/span><\/p>\n

Financiers of the mining giants<\/h2>\n

The report, which is now on its fourth edition, also analysed the financing of nine mining companies with significant operations in Brazil: AngloAmerican (UK), Belo Sun and Pot\u00e1ssio do Brasil<\/a> (Canada); Taboca and Mamor\u00e9, both owned by Minsur (Peru); Glencore (UK-Switzerland); AngloGold Ashanti (South Africa); Rio Tinto (UK-Australia); and Vale (Brazil).<\/p>\n

Besides the operations already permitted in the country, these companies have 225 active mining applications in indigenous territories. Although Vale and AngloAmerican announced the cancellation of their applications last year, the report shows that new applications were made in October 2021.

<\/span><\/p>\n
\"Indigenous
Juma Xipaia was one of 40 indigenous leaders to represent Brazil at COP26 in Scotland, November 2021 (Image: Oliver Kornblihtt\/Media NINJA COPCollab26)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/div>These corporations have received inflows of US$54.1 billion (R$275 billion) over the past five years, taking into account the value of loans, underwritings, equity and bond investments. The main lenders are from the United States \u2013 Capital Group, BlackRock and Vanguard have invested a total of US$14.8 billion \u2013 and from Brazil itself, with pension fund Previ and Banco Bradesco investing US$11.8 billion over that period.<\/p>\n

Large contributions also came from private groups from France, Germany, Japan, Canada and South Africa. Despite Chinese demand for iron ore being touted as one of the factors driving mining in 2021, no Chinese institution appears among the sector’s biggest lenders \u2013 even though Pot\u00e1ssio do Brasil has signed a controversial contract with China’s CITIC bank to finance the \u201csoy belt<\/a>\u201d in the Amazon.<\/p>\n

Territories a target for illegal gold<\/h2>\n

In addition to interest in minerals for industrial use, indigenous lands are the target of predatory gold mining. In 2020, Brazil exported 110,000 tonnes of gold to countries such as Canada, Switzerland, Poland and the United Kingdom, with almost 20% of this gold being illegal, according to a study<\/a> by the Instituto Escolhas.<\/p>\n

Canadian companies have the largest stake in mining projects<\/a> in the Amazon. For Rosana Miranda of Amazon Watch, the performance of Canadian companies in Brazil is a mirror for the financialisation of mining, in which the sector no longer meets real demands, but the financial market.<\/p>\n

\u201cThese are companies that speculate on the possibility of exploring gold in the global south,\u201d Miranda explains. \u201cThis is quite characteristic in Canada, where mining on indigenous land is allowed, and seen as an example for Brazil \u2013 despite having millions of problems.\u201d 

<\/span><\/p>\n
\"Indigenous
Indigenous people protest against mining in their territories on the Esplanade of Ministries in Bras\u00edlia, June 2021 (Image: C\u00edcero Pedrosa Neto\/ Amazon Watch)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/div>If realised, the current moves<\/a> by Canadian company Belo Sun in the state of Par\u00e1 will kick off the largest gold mining project in Latin America. Indigenous groups in the region where the mine is to be built, close to the Belo Monte hydroelectric power plant, are concerned<\/a> about deforestation and the contamination of soils and waters by toxic substances.<\/p>\n

Deforestation linked to mining in the Amazon, the report says, increased by 62% in 2021 compared to 2018, before Bolsonaro became president. Of the 225 mining applications made by the nine companies studied in the report, 143 are in territories in Par\u00e1 \u2013 the leading state for deforestation in the biome, according to Imazon<\/a>. This number has doubled in just six months: there were 67 active requests in July 2021.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

New report shows that companies from Brazil and abroad are sieging sites of interest, even where mineral extraction is prohibited<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3882,"featured_media":50051287,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[760],"tags":[531,555,566,50040326],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000021],"class_list":["post-50051298","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pollution","tag-deforestation","tag-indigenous-peoples","tag-mining","tag-soil","country-brazil"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMining companies seek to expand into Brazil\u2019s indigenous territories | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"New report shows that mining companies from Brazil and abroad are sieging sites of interest, even where mineral extraction is prohibited\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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